Migrates the "typescript" dependencies to a catalog

[arcanis]

What's the problem this PR addresses?

We don't currently use / dogfood the catalog: specifier. As a result we didn't notice that the compat plugin was incorrectly ordered; we want to apply it before performing the compat changes, but the current code was going the other way around.

Fixes #6920

How did you fix it?

• Make the monorepo use catalog: for the typescript package.
• Fixes the local development setup to load plugins in the same order as the CLI bundle.
• Reorders the plugins so that catalog: is resolved before the compatibility patches are applied.

Checklist

• I have read the Contributing Guide.

• I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to be effective.

• I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets reviewed.

[joshgummersall]

Thank you!!