[Testing] Introduce `proptest` to `clarity`, `stackslib` and `stacks-common` crates

[cylewitruk]

This issue supersedes #4446

Instead of fake, implement proptest strategies for common types and include example tests.

[stale]

This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you for your contributions.