configure: Check that the build directory is on a normal writable file system

[mkoeppe]

Just another protection for users who skip reading the README

Fixes #38246

📝 Checklist

• The title is concise and informative.
• The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
• I have linked a relevant issue or discussion.
• I have created tests covering the changes.
• I have updated the documentation and checked the documentation preview.

⌛ Dependencies

[github-actions]

Documentation preview for this PR (built with commit df678bc; changes) is ready! 🎉
This preview will update shortly after each push to this PR.

[seblabbe]

When looking at the config.log file on the browser, I can confirm that the newly added lines works okay:

...
#25 19.63 config.status: creating directory local/share
#25 19.63 config.status: creating directory local/var/lib/sage/installed
#25 19.63 config.status: creating directory local/var/tmp/sage/build
#25 19.64 config.status: executing links commands
#25 19.64 config.status: creating convenience symlink prefix -> local
#25 19.64 config.status: creating convenience symlink venv -> local/var/lib/sage/venv-python3.10
...

[seblabbe]

The failing Lint test is related to other untouched files.

[mkoeppe]

Thank you!