[Backport maintenance/3.2.x] Improve inference for generic classes (PEP 695)

[github-actions]

Backport fadac92 from #2433.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

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Additional details and impacted files

@@                 Coverage Diff                  @@
##             maintenance/3.2.x    #2444   +/-   ##
====================================================
  Coverage                     ?   92.80%           
====================================================
  Files                        ?       94           
  Lines                        ?    11116           
  Branches                     ?        0           
====================================================
  Hits                         ?    10316           
  Misses                       ?      800           
  Partials                     ?        0           

Flag	Coverage Δ
linux	92.60% <100.00%> (?)
pypy	92.80% <100.00%> (?)
windows	92.70% <100.00%> (?)

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Files	Coverage Δ
astroid/brain/brain_typing.py	87.73% <100.00%> (ø)
astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py	92.52% <ø> (ø)
astroid/protocols.py	90.28% <100.00%> (ø)