PERF: DataFrame.join with how=left|right and sort=True

[lukemanley]

• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/v2.3.0.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

import pandas as pd

data = [f"i-{i}" for i in range(200_000)]
idx1 = pd.Index(data, dtype="string[pyarrow_numpy]")
idx2 = pd.Index(data[1:], dtype="string[pyarrow_numpy]")

%timeit idx1.join(idx2, how="left", sort=True)

# 330 ms ± 6.3 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)     -> main
# 182 ms ± 2.68 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)  -> PR

[mroeschke]

Thanks @lukemanley