Go: bump go to 1.23 in go extractor

[MartinForReal]

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[mbg]

Hi @MartinForReal,

Thanks for opening this PR. Please note that we have already merged the changes needed to support Go 1.23 (assuming your intention with this PR was to do that), which are currently pending release in this week's CodeQL release. This release comes from the rc/3.15 branch and the changes will be merged back into main.

For future reference, while bumping the version in go.mod is a small part of what's needed, there are a bunch of other changes that are also needed. The additional constants you've introduced are not needed and the replacements of the 1.21 constants for a 1.23 one are logic errors since those checks guard autobuilder behaviour that should (or should not) run for 1.21 and above.

I'll go ahead and close this PR since it is not needed.