Update of the minibook on building programs:

_data/learning.yml

@@ -1,102 +1,115 @@
-# Categories group mini-books on the 'Learn' landing page
-#
-#  'fa-icon' refers to the font-awesome icon to display
-#          next to the category on the landing page
-#
-categories:
-  - name: Getting started
-    fa-icon: fas fa-cubes
-  # - name: Advanced programming methods
-  #   fa-icon: fas fa-laptop-code
-
-
-
-# Mini-books are single-page or multi-page tutorials
-#
-# 'link' refers to the 'permalink' field of the corresponding page
-#
-books:
-  - title: Quickstart Fortran Tutorial
-    description: An introduction to the Fortran syntax and its capabilities
-    category: Getting started
-    link: /learn/quickstart
-    pages:
-      - link: /learn/quickstart/hello_world
-      - link: /learn/quickstart/variables
-      - link: /learn/quickstart/arrays_strings
-      - link: /learn/quickstart/operators_control_flow
-      - link: /learn/quickstart/organising_code
-
-
-
-# Web links listed at the bottom of the 'Learn' landing page
-#
-reference-links:
-  - name: Fortran wiki
-    url: http://fortranwiki.org/
-    description: A rich collection of Fortran articles and resources in an editable wiki format
-
-  - name: "Fortran 2018 Standard Interpretation Document"
-    url: https://j3-fortran.org/doc/year/18/18-007r1.pdf
-    description: "J3/18-007r1 F2018, specification of the base Fortran 2018 language"
-
-  - name: "J3 Fortran Proposals"
-    url: https://github.com/j3-fortran/fortran_proposals
-    description: a repository for community collaboration on proposals for the Fortran Standards Committee
-
-  - name: "J3: US Fortran Standards Committee"
-    url: https://j3-fortran.org/
-    description: J3 is the US National Body for the international Fortran standards committee
-
-  - name: "WG5: International Fortran Standards Committe"
-    url: https://wg5-fortran.org/
-    description: 
-
-  - name: "Scivision Fortran 2018 Examples"
-    url: https://github.com/scivision/fortran2018-examples
-    description: A github repository containing code samples for various Fortran 2018 features
-
-
-
-
-# Print books listed at the bottom of the 'Learn' landing page
-#
-reference-books:
-  - author: Metcalf, M., Reid, J. and Cohen M.
-    year: 2018
-    title: Modern Fortran Explained
-    url: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/modern-fortran-explained-9780198811893
-    edition: 5th ed
-    location: Oxford, UK
-    publisher: Oxford Universtiy Press
-
-  - author: Curcic, M.
-    year: 2020
-    title: "Modern Fortran: Building Efficient Parallel Applications"
-    url: https://www.manning.com/books/modern-fortran
-    edition: 1st ed
-    location: Shelter Island, NY
-    publisher: Manning Publications
-
-  - author: Markus, A.
-    year: 2012
-    title: "Modern Fortran in Practice"
-    url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/modern-fortran-in-practice/BC5BD23B2E478B4D457C5D6265BA9363
-    edition: 1st ed
-    location: Cambridge, UK
-    publisher: Cambridge University Press
-
-  - author: Chivers, I. and Sleightholme, J.
-    year: 2018
-    title: Introduction to Programming with Fortran
-    url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75502-1
-    edition: 4th ed
-    publisher: Springer International Publishing
-
-  - author: Chapman S. J.
-    year: 2018
-    title: Fortran for Scientists and Engineers
-    url: https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/fortran-scientists-engineers-chapman/M9780073385891.html
-    edition: 4th ed
-    location: New York
-    publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
+# Categories group mini-books on the 'Learn' landing page
+#
+#  'fa-icon' refers to the font-awesome icon to display
+#          next to the category on the landing page
+#
+categories:
+  - name: Getting started
+    fa-icon: fas fa-cubes
+  # - name: Advanced programming methods
+  #   fa-icon: fas fa-laptop-code
+
+
+
+# Mini-books are single-page or multi-page tutorials
+#
+# 'link' refers to the 'permalink' field of the corresponding page
+#
+books:
+  - title: Quickstart Fortran Tutorial
+    description: An introduction to the Fortran syntax and its capabilities
+    category: Getting started
+    link: /learn/quickstart
+    pages:
+      - link: /learn/quickstart/hello_world
+      - link: /learn/quickstart/variables
+      - link: /learn/quickstart/arrays_strings
+      - link: /learn/quickstart/operators_control_flow
+      - link: /learn/quickstart/organising_code
+
+  - title: Building programs
+    description: How to use the compiler to build an executable program
+    category: Getting started
+    link: /learn/building_programs
+    pages:
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/compiling_source
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/linking_pieces
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/runtime_libraries
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/include_files
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/managing_libraries
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/build_tools
+      - link: /learn/building_programs/distributing
+
+
+
+# Web links listed at the bottom of the 'Learn' landing page
+#
+reference-links:
+  - name: Fortran wiki
+    url: http://fortranwiki.org/
+    description: A rich collection of Fortran articles and resources in an editable wiki format
+
+  - name: "Fortran 2018 Standard Interpretation Document"
+    url: https://j3-fortran.org/doc/year/18/18-007r1.pdf
+    description: "J3/18-007r1 F2018, specification of the base Fortran 2018 language"
+
+  - name: "J3 Fortran Proposals"
+    url: https://github.com/j3-fortran/fortran_proposals
+    description: a repository for community collaboration on proposals for the Fortran Standards Committee
+
+  - name: "J3: US Fortran Standards Committee"
+    url: https://j3-fortran.org/
+    description: J3 is the US National Body for the international Fortran standards committee
+
+  - name: "WG5: International Fortran Standards Committe"
+    url: https://wg5-fortran.org/
+    description:
+
+  - name: "Scivision Fortran 2018 Examples"
+    url: https://github.com/scivision/fortran2018-examples
+    description: A github repository containing code samples for various Fortran 2018 features
+
+
+
+
+# Print books listed at the bottom of the 'Learn' landing page
+#
+reference-books:
+  - author: Metcalf, M., Reid, J. and Cohen M.
+    year: 2018
+    title: Modern Fortran Explained
+    url: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/modern-fortran-explained-9780198811893
+    edition: 5th ed
+    location: Oxford, UK
+    publisher: Oxford Universtiy Press
+
+  - author: Curcic, M.
+    year: 2020
+    title: "Modern Fortran: Building Efficient Parallel Applications"
+    url: https://www.manning.com/books/modern-fortran
+    edition: 1st ed
+    location: Shelter Island, NY
+    publisher: Manning Publications
+
+  - author: Markus, A.
+    year: 2012
+    title: "Modern Fortran in Practice"
+    url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/modern-fortran-in-practice/BC5BD23B2E478B4D457C5D6265BA9363
+    edition: 1st ed
+    location: Cambridge, UK
+    publisher: Cambridge University Press
+
+  - author: Chivers, I. and Sleightholme, J.
+    year: 2018
+    title: Introduction to Programming with Fortran
+    url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75502-1
+    edition: 4th ed
+    publisher: Springer International Publishing
+
+  - author: Chapman S. J.
+    year: 2018
+    title: Fortran for Scientists and Engineers
+    url: https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/fortran-scientists-engineers-chapman/M9780073385891.html
+    edition: 4th ed
+    location: New York
+    publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

learn/building_programs/build_tools.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+---
+layout: book
+title: Build tools
+permalink: /learn/building_programs/build_tools
+---
+
+If this seems complicated, well, you are right and we are only
+scratching the surface here. The complications arise because of
+differences between platforms, differences between compilers/linkers and
+because of differences in the way programs are set up. Fortunately,
+there are many tools to help configure and maintain the build steps.
+We will not try and catalogue them, but give instead a very limited
+list of tools that you typically encounter:
+
+* The `make` utility is a classical tool that uses instructions about
+how the various components of a program depend on each other to
+efficiently compile and link the program (or programs). It takes a
+so-called `Makefile` that contains the dependencies.
+
+    Simply put:
+
+    If a program file is older than any of the libraries and object files
+it depends on, the make utility knows it has to rebuild it and goes on
+to look at the libraries and object files - are any out of date?
+
+    If an object file is older than the corresponding source file, the
+make utility knows it has to compile the source file.
+
+* Integrated development tools take care of many of the above details. A
+popular tool on Windows is MicroSoft's Visual Studio, but others exist,
+such as Eclipse (Photran) and Code::Blocks. They offer a graphical
+user-interface, but are often very specific for the compiler and
+platform.
+
+* Maintenance tools like autotools and CMake can generate makefiles or
+Visual Studio project files via a high-level description. They abstract
+away from the compiler and platform specifics.
+
+Here is a very simple example of a `Makefile` as used by the `make` utility,
+just to give you an impression:
+
+    # Collect the macros at the beginning - easier to customise
+    FC = gfortran
+    LD = gfortran
+    FCOPTS = -c
+    LDOPTS = "-o "
+
+    EXE = .exe
+    OBJ = .o
+
+    all: tabulate$(EXE)
+
+    tabulate$(EXE) : tabulate$(OBJ) function$(OBJ)
+    {tab}$(LD) $(LDOPTS)tabulate$(EXE) tabulate.f90 function$(OBJ)
+
+    tabulate$(OBJ) : tabulate.f90 function.mod
+    {tab}$(FC) $(FCOPTS) tabulate.f90
+
+    function$(OBJ) : function.f90
+    {tab}$(FC) $(FCOPTS) function.f90
+
+(A peculiarity of `make` is that in the input file, tab characters are used
+in several places - here indicated as "{tab}" - as significant whitespace.)
+
+When stored in a file "Makefile" and "{tab}" replaced by a tab character,
+you can run it like:
+
+```shell
+    $ make
+```
+
+(the name `Makefile` is the default, otherwise use the option `-f` to specify
+a different file name). Now only change the file "tabulate.f90" and run it
+again. You will see that only that file gets compiled again and then the
+program is built. The file "function.f90" was not changed, so the object
+file and the module intermediate file would remain unchanged, so there
+is no need to recompile it.
+