From discussion with Neal, the expected behavior is that resources should not be embedded into secondary assemblies: - refout: main assembly has resources, ref assembly doesn't - refonly: ref assembly has resources @jonathanpeppers [reported](https://github.com/Microsoft/msbuild/issues/2646) that updating resources causes the ref assembly to change. A quick look at the implementation and tests make me unsure about the current behavior, so I'll investigate further. Ref assembly spec: https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/blob/master/docs/features/refout.md Ref assembly main PR: https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/pull/19417