Fix support for mathematical types

[tautschnig]

We were missing front-end support for reals and did not consistently support all of integers, naturals, rationals, reals but instead would only handle varying subsets in each place.

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 54.62555% with 103 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 80.48%. Comparing base (5f4c82d) to head (3e649e6).
⚠️ Report is 4 commits behind head on develop.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/solvers/smt2/smt2_conv.cpp	56.98%	40 Missing ⚠️
src/ansi-c/c_typecast.cpp	57.69%	22 Missing ⚠️
src/util/algebraic_number.cpp	21.42%	22 Missing ⚠️
src/util/rational_tools.cpp	57.14%	6 Missing ⚠️
src/util/simplify_expr.cpp	28.57%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/solvers/flattening/boolbv_width.cpp	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/ansi-c/c_typecheck_type.cpp	75.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/util/algebraic_number.h	88.88%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/util/arith_tools.cpp	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/util/pointer_offset_size.cpp	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #8324      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    80.43%   80.48%   +0.05%     
===========================================
  Files         1695     1697       +2     
  Lines       208285   208427     +142     
  Branches        73       73              
===========================================
+ Hits        167524   167745     +221     
+ Misses       40761    40682      -79     

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[kroening]

I don't think that a DATA_INVARIANT is the right choice here. This is a property of the output of another tool, which we have very little control over. I'd make this a proper exception.