Make exprt::with_source_location type safe

[tautschnig]

Do not perform an unchecked cast. Instead, just re-implement the method in *_exprt classes as needed (currently only needed in array_exprt).

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• n/a Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (47a62f6) 79.66% compared to head (9d582ab) 79.66%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##           develop    #8216   +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage    79.66%   79.66%           
========================================
  Files         1682     1682           
  Lines       195378   195378           
========================================
  Hits        155642   155642           
  Misses       39736    39736           

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