add debounce function guide for coding exercise

coding-exercise/debounce-function/README.md

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+# Debounce Function
+
+## Challenge
+Implement a debounce function that delays the execution of a callback until after a specified delay period has elapsed since the last time it was invoked.
+
+## Problem Description
+Debouncing is a programming practice used to ensure that time-consuming tasks do not fire so often. It limits the rate at which a function can fire.
+
+### Real-World Use Cases
+- **Search Input**: Wait for the user to stop typing before making an API call
+- **Window Resize**: Wait for resize to finish before recalculating layout
+- **Scroll Events**: Reduce the number of scroll event handlers fired
+- **Button Clicks**: Prevent multiple form submissions
+
+## Example
+
+### Input
+```js
+function handleSearch(query) {
+    console.log(`Searching for: ${query}`);
+}
+
+const debouncedSearch = debounce(handleSearch, 500);
+
+// User types rapidly
+debouncedSearch('J');
+debouncedSearch('Ja');
+debouncedSearch('Jav');
+debouncedSearch('JavaScript');
+```
+
+### Output
+```
+// Only executes once after 500ms of the last call
+Searching for: JavaScript
+```
+
+## Requirements
+1. The debounce function should accept a function and a delay time
+2. It should return a new function that delays invoking the original function
+3. Each new call should reset the delay timer
+4. Only the last call should execute after the delay period
+5. The function should preserve the correct `this` context and arguments
+
+## Key Concepts
+- **Closures**: Maintaining state (timeoutId) across function calls
+- **Higher-Order Functions**: Returning a function from a function
+- **setTimeout/clearTimeout**: Managing asynchronous delays
+- **Function Context**: Using `apply()` to preserve `this` binding
+
+## Difference from Throttling
+- **Debounce**: Executes the function only after the calls have stopped for a specified period
+- **Throttle**: Executes the function at most once per specified time interval
+
+## Benefits
+- Improves performance by reducing unnecessary function calls
+- Reduces API calls and server load
+- Provides better user experience by preventing excessive updates

coding-exercise/debounce-function/debounce.js

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+/**
+ * Creates a debounced version of a function that delays its execution
+ * until after a specified delay has elapsed since the last time it was invoked.
+ * 
+ * @param {Function} func - The function to debounce
+ * @param {number} delay - The delay in milliseconds to wait before executing the function
+ * @returns {Function} A debounced version of the original function
+ * 
+ * @example
+ * const debouncedFn = debounce(() => console.log('Hello'), 300);
+ * debouncedFn(); // Won't execute immediately
+ * debouncedFn(); // Resets the timer
+ * debouncedFn(); // Only this call will execute after 300ms
+ */
+function debounce(func, delay) {
+    // Store the timeout ID in closure scope
+    // This variable persists across multiple calls to the returned function
+    let timeoutId;
+
+    // Return a new function that wraps the original function
+    // ...args collects all arguments passed to this function
+    return function(...args) {
+        // Clear the previous timeout if it exists
+        // This prevents the previous scheduled execution from running
+        // Each new call "resets the timer"
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+        // Schedule a new timeout to execute the function after the delay
+        // This creates a new timer that will execute after 'delay' milliseconds
+        timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
+            // Execute the original function with the correct context and arguments
+            // func.apply(this, args) ensures:
+            // 1. 'this' context is preserved (important for object methods)
+            // 2. All arguments are passed to the original function
+            func.apply(this, args);
+        }, delay);
+    };
+}
+
+// ============================================
+// EXAMPLE USAGE: Search Input Handler
+// ============================================
+
+/**
+ * Simulates a search API call handler
+ * In a real application, this would make an HTTP request to a search API
+ * 
+ * @param {string} query - The search query string
+ */
+function handleSearch(query) {
+    console.log(`Searching for: ${query}`);
+    // In production, this would be something like:
+    // fetch(`/api/search?q=${query}`).then(...)
+}
+
+// Create a debounced version of handleSearch with 500ms delay
+// This means the actual search will only execute 500ms after the user stops typing
+const debouncedSearch = debounce(handleSearch, 500);
+
+// ============================================
+// DEMONSTRATION: Simulating Rapid User Input
+// ============================================
+
+console.log('User types rapidly...');
+
+// Each call below happens almost instantly (simulating fast typing)
+// But only the LAST call will actually execute after 500ms
+debouncedSearch('J');        // Timer starts, will be cancelled
+debouncedSearch('Ja');       // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('Jav');      // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('Java');     // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('JavaS');    // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('JavaSc');   // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('JavaScr');  // Previous timer cancelled, new timer starts
+debouncedSearch('JavaScript'); // Previous timer cancelled, final timer starts
+
+console.log('Waiting 500ms...');
+// Only the last call will execute after 500ms delay
+// Expected output after 500ms: "Searching for: JavaScript"
+// 
+// Without debouncing, handleSearch would have been called 8 times!
+// With debouncing, it's called only once - saving 7 unnecessary API calls
+
+/**
+ * Explanation:
+ * 
+ * This demonstrates the debounce pattern in JavaScript.
+ * 
+ * 1. Debouncing delays the execution of a function until after a certain
+ *    amount of time has passed since it was last called.
+ * 
+ * 2. When debouncedSearch is called multiple times in quick succession,
+ *    only the LAST call will execute after the delay period.
+ * 
+ * 3. Each new call clears the previous timeout and sets a new one.
+ * 
+ * 4. Common use cases:
+ *    - Search input: Wait for user to stop typing before making API call
+ *    - Window resize: Wait for resize to finish before recalculating layout
+ *    - Scroll events: Reduce the number of scroll event handlers fired
+ * 
+ * 5. Benefits:
+ *    - Reduces unnecessary function calls
+ *    - Improves performance
+ *    - Reduces API calls and server load
+ * 
+ * 6. The function uses closures to maintain the timeoutId across calls.
+ * 
+ * 7. func.apply(this, args) ensures the original function is called with
+ *    the correct context and arguments.
+ * 
+ * Note: This is different from throttling, which executes the function
+ * at regular intervals regardless of how many times it's called.
+ */