Add Python 3.12 support

[woodsp-ibm]

Summary

Given Qiskit 0.45.1 just released with Python 3.12 support I have added that here to Algorithms.

Details and comments

I added a new Ubuntu 3.12 run so that OS spans all the versions. I changed Mac and Windows to 3.12 from 3.11 so it tests the min and max versions supported now (just as it did before when 3.11 was the max). I did the same for Qiskit Main monitoring.

FYI I do not have 3.12 locally at present to check things so we'll see how it goes here...

• This will of course need the branch protection rules changing.

[woodsp-ibm]

This works with Ubuntu and Mac, but not Windows, where the cause is Aer not yet supporting 3.12 In Ubuntu and Mac it manages to build the wheels from source, so things pass there. Not so in Windows. I think the only dependence here for Aer is just in the tutorials right with the one that shows VQE with simulation under a noise model.

[woodsp-ibm]

I put this OnHold for now. We could drop the max level for Win to 3.11 in CI or wait until Aer supports 3.12 and wheels are released.

[ElePT]

I think that limiting the CI Python version for Win to 3.11 in CI sounds reasonable given the current release timeline of Aer. There is a good amount of interest in Python 3.12 being supported in Qiskit in general and I think it would be nice to start running CI on it on some platforms.

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 7104980234

• 0 of 0 changed or added relevant lines in 0 files are covered.
• No unchanged relevant lines lost coverage.
• Overall coverage remained the same at 90.578%

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Totals
Change from base Build 7104583722:	0.0%
Covered Lines:	6470
Relevant Lines:	7143

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💛 - Coveralls

[woodsp-ibm]

Ok, I dropped the Win CI upper bound down to 3.11 and raised #109 to serve as a reminder to put it back to 3.12 once Aer releases wheels. So it just needs the branch rules updating so as all new CI runs are required (Algorithms Ubuntu, Algorithms Mac and Tutorials for 3.12) and the couple of 3.11 ones that no longer run are set not required any more.

[woodsp-ibm]

I updated the main branch rules for the jobs as they now stand from this PR.