Convert more examples to doctests in `typing` module

[sobolevn]

Feature or enhancement

There are multiple examples that are very similar to doctests, but are not doctests.
I propose adding >>> and ... to them, so these examples would be checked during tests (since now we have this feature).

There are some easy ones, where just adding >>> (and some imports are enough).
There are also some more complex ones, where some new types / vars are needed, but I don't think it is worth doing, because it will increase the complexity of these examples.

Examples:

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 207 to 217 in 0ee2d77

  	def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):
  	"""Internal helper for munging collections.abc.Callable's __args__.
  	The canonical representation for a Callable's __args__ flattens the
  	argument types, see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86361.
  	For example::
  	assert collections.abc.Callable[[int, int], str].__args__ == (int, int, str)
  	assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str)

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 252 to 259 in 0ee2d77

  	def _collect_parameters(args):
  	"""Collect all type variables and parameter specifications in args
  	in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).
  	For example::
  	assert _collect_parameters((T, Callable[P, T])) == (T, P)
  	"""

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 672 to 686 in 0ee2d77

  	- Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::
  	assert Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
  	- Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
  	assert Union[int] == int # The constructor actually returns int
  	- Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
  	assert Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
  	- When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
  	assert Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 2239 to 2255 in 0ee2d77

  	def get_origin(tp):
  	"""Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
  	This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar,
  	Annotated, and others. Return None for unsupported types.
  	Examples::
  	assert get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
  	assert get_origin(int) is None
  	assert get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
  	assert get_origin(Generic) is Generic
  	assert get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
  	assert get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
  	assert get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) is list
  	assert get_origin(P.args) is P
  	"""

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 2268 to 2280 in 0ee2d77

  	def get_args(tp):
  	"""Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
  	For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
  	Examples::
  	assert get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
  	assert get_args(int) == ()
  	assert get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
  	assert get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
  	assert get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
  	"""

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 2293 to 2304 in 0ee2d77

  	def is_typeddict(tp):
  	"""Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class.
  	For example::
  	class Film(TypedDict):
  	title: str
  	year: int
  	is_typeddict(Film) # => True
  	is_typeddict(Union[list, str]) # => False
  	"""

• cpython/Lib/typing.py

  Lines 2899 to 2909 in 0ee2d77

  	Usage::
  	class Point2D(TypedDict):
  	x: int
  	y: int
  	label: str
  	a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK
  	b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check
  	assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')

This actually reveals a bug:

cpython/Lib/typing.py

Lines 207 to 219 in 0ee2d77

	def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):
	"""Internal helper for munging collections.abc.Callable's __args__.
	The canonical representation for a Callable's __args__ flattens the
	argument types, see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86361.
	For example::
	assert collections.abc.Callable[[int, int], str].__args__ == (int, int, str)
	assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str)
	As a result, if we need to reconstruct the Callable from its __args__,
	we need to unflatten it.

assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str) example is invalid:

File "/Users/sobolev/Desktop/cpython2/Lib/typing.py", line 218, in typing._should_unflatten_callable_args
Failed example:
    assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str)
Exception raised:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/Users/sobolev/Desktop/cpython2/Lib/doctest.py", line 1374, in __run
        exec(compile(example.source, filename, "single",
      File "<doctest typing._should_unflatten_callable_args[2]>", line 1, in <module>
        assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str)
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      File "/Users/sobolev/Desktop/cpython2/Lib/_collections_abc.py", line 477, in __new__
        raise TypeError(f"Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, "
    TypeError: Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got <class 'typing.ParamSpec'>

Linked PRs

• gh-112194: Convert more examples to doctests in typing.py #112195
• [3.12] gh-112194: Convert more examples to doctests in typing.py (GH-112195) #112208
• [3.11] gh-112194: Convert more examples to doctests in typing.py (GH-112195) #112209