Expose skimmed_fee_msat in PaymentForwarded

We generally allow routing nodes to forward less than the expected HTLC
amount, if the receiver knowingly accepts this and claims the
underpaying HTLC (see `ChannelConfig::accept_underpaying_htlcs`). This
use case is in particular useful for the LSPS2/JIT channel setting where
the intial underpaying HTLC pays for the channel open.

While we previously exposed the withheld amount as
`PaymentClaimable::counterparty_skimmed_fee_msat` on the receiver side,
we did not individually provide it on the forwarding node's side.
Here, we therefore expose this additionally withheld amount via
`PaymentForwarded::skimmed_fee_msat`.

Author: tnull

lightning/src/events/mod.rs

@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ pub enum Event {
 		/// The outgoing channel between the next node and us. This is only `None` for events
 		/// generated or serialized by versions prior to 0.0.107.
 		next_channel_id: Option<ChannelId>,
-		/// The fee, in milli-satoshis, which was earned as a result of the payment.
+		/// The total fee, in milli-satoshis, which was earned as a result of the payment.
 		///
 		/// Note that if we force-closed the channel over which we forwarded an HTLC while the HTLC
 		/// was pending, the amount the next hop claimed will have been rounded down to the nearest
@@ -797,6 +797,16 @@ pub enum Event {
 		/// `PaymentForwarded` events are generated for the same payment iff `fee_earned_msat` is
 		/// `None`.
 		fee_earned_msat: Option<u64>,
+		/// The share of the total fee, in milli-satoshis, which was withheld in addition to the
+		/// forwarding fee.
+		///
+		/// This will only be `Some` if we forwarded an intercepted HTLC with less than the
+		/// expected amount. This means our counterparty accepted to receive less than the invoice
+		/// amount, e.g., by claiming the payment featuring a corresponding
+		/// [`PaymentClaimable::counterparty_skimmed_fee_msat`]
+		///
+		/// The caveat described above the `fee_earned_msat` field applies here as well.
+		skimmed_fee_msat: Option<u64>,
 		/// If this is `true`, the forwarded HTLC was claimed by our counterparty via an on-chain
 		/// transaction.
 		claim_from_onchain_tx: bool,
@@ -1084,7 +1094,7 @@ impl Writeable for Event {
 			}
 			&Event::PaymentForwarded {
 				fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx,
-				next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat
+				next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, skimmed_fee_msat,
 			} => {
 				7u8.write(writer)?;
 				write_tlv_fields!(writer, {
@@ -1093,6 +1103,7 @@ impl Writeable for Event {
 					(2, claim_from_onchain_tx, required),
 					(3, next_channel_id, option),
 					(5, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, option),
+					(7, skimmed_fee_msat, option),
 				});
 			},
 			&Event::ChannelClosed { ref channel_id, ref user_channel_id, ref reason,
@@ -1389,16 +1400,18 @@ impl MaybeReadable for Event {
 					let mut claim_from_onchain_tx = false;
 					let mut next_channel_id = None;
 					let mut outbound_amount_forwarded_msat = None;
+					let mut skimmed_fee_msat = None;
 					read_tlv_fields!(reader, {
 						(0, fee_earned_msat, option),
 						(1, prev_channel_id, option),
 						(2, claim_from_onchain_tx, required),
 						(3, next_channel_id, option),
 						(5, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, option),
+						(7, skimmed_fee_msat, option),
 					});
 					Ok(Some(Event::PaymentForwarded {
 						fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id,
-						outbound_amount_forwarded_msat
+						outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, skimmed_fee_msat,
 					}))
 				};
 				f()

lightning/src/ln/chanmon_update_fail_tests.rs

@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ fn test_monitor_update_fail_reestablish() {
 	assert!(updates.update_fee.is_none());
 	assert_eq!(updates.update_fulfill_htlcs.len(), 1);
 	nodes[1].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id(), &updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), false, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), None, false, false);
 	check_added_monitors!(nodes[1], 1);
 	assert!(nodes[1].node.get_and_clear_pending_msg_events().is_empty());
 	commitment_signed_dance!(nodes[1], nodes[2], updates.commitment_signed, false);
@@ -2153,7 +2153,7 @@ fn test_fail_htlc_on_broadcast_after_claim() {
 	nodes[1].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id(), &cs_updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
 	let bs_updates = get_htlc_update_msgs!(nodes[1], nodes[0].node.get_our_node_id());
 	check_added_monitors!(nodes[1], 1);
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), false, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), None, false, false);
 
 	mine_transaction(&nodes[1], &bs_txn[0]);
 	check_closed_event!(nodes[1], 1, ClosureReason::CommitmentTxConfirmed, [nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id()], 100000);
@@ -2526,7 +2526,7 @@ fn do_test_reconnect_dup_htlc_claims(htlc_status: HTLCStatusAtDupClaim, second_f
 		assert_eq!(fulfill_msg, cs_updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
 	}
 	nodes[1].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id(), &fulfill_msg);
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), false, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), None, false, false);
 	check_added_monitors!(nodes[1], 1);
 
 	let mut bs_updates = None;
@@ -3156,7 +3156,7 @@ fn do_test_inverted_mon_completion_order(with_latest_manager: bool, complete_bc_
 	nodes[0].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[1].node.get_our_node_id(), &bs_updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
 	do_commitment_signed_dance(&nodes[0], &nodes[1], &bs_updates.commitment_signed, false, false);
 
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], &nodes[0], &nodes[2], Some(1_000), false, !with_latest_manager);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], &nodes[0], &nodes[2], Some(1_000), None, false, !with_latest_manager);
 
 	// Finally, check that the payment was, ultimately, seen as sent by node A.
 	expect_payment_sent(&nodes[0], payment_preimage, None, true, true);
@@ -3287,7 +3287,7 @@ fn do_test_durable_preimages_on_closed_channel(close_chans_before_reload: bool,
 	} else {
 		// While we forwarded the payment a while ago, we don't want to process events too early or
 		// we'll run background tasks we wanted to test individually.
-		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], None, true, !close_only_a);
+		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], None, None, true, !close_only_a);
 	}
 
 	mine_transactions(&nodes[0], &[&as_closing_tx[0], bs_preimage_tx]);
@@ -3310,7 +3310,7 @@ fn do_test_durable_preimages_on_closed_channel(close_chans_before_reload: bool,
 		reconnect_nodes(reconnect_args);
 		let (outpoint, ab_update_id, _) = nodes[1].chain_monitor.latest_monitor_update_id.lock().unwrap().get(&chan_id_ab).unwrap().clone();
 		nodes[1].chain_monitor.chain_monitor.force_channel_monitor_updated(outpoint, ab_update_id);
-		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), true, false);
+		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), None, true, false);
 		if !close_chans_before_reload {
 			// Once we call `process_pending_events` the final `ChannelMonitor` for the B<->C
 			// channel will fly, removing the payment preimage from it.
@@ -3404,7 +3404,7 @@ fn do_test_reload_mon_update_completion_actions(close_during_reload: bool) {
 	let bc_update_id = nodes[1].chain_monitor.latest_monitor_update_id.lock().unwrap().get(&chan_id_bc).unwrap().2;
 	let mut events = nodes[1].node.get_and_clear_pending_events();
 	assert_eq!(events.len(), if close_during_reload { 2 } else { 1 });
-	expect_payment_forwarded(events.pop().unwrap(), &nodes[1], &nodes[0], &nodes[2], Some(1000), close_during_reload, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded(events.pop().unwrap(), &nodes[1], &nodes[0], &nodes[2], Some(1000), None, close_during_reload, false);
 	if close_during_reload {
 		match events[0] {
 			Event::ChannelClosed { .. } => {},
@@ -3478,7 +3478,7 @@ fn do_test_glacial_peer_cant_hang(hold_chan_a: bool) {
 	reconnect_nodes(reconnect);
 
 	if !hold_chan_a {
-		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), false, false);
+		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(1000), None, false, false);
 		send_payment(&nodes[0], &[&nodes[1], &nodes[2]], 100_000);
 	} else {
 		assert!(nodes[1].node.get_and_clear_pending_events().is_empty());

lightning/src/ln/channel.rs

@@ -3304,15 +3304,15 @@ impl<SP: Deref> Channel<SP> where
 		Err(ChannelError::Close("Remote tried to fulfill/fail an HTLC we couldn't find".to_owned()))
 	}
 
-	pub fn update_fulfill_htlc(&mut self, msg: &msgs::UpdateFulfillHTLC) -> Result<(HTLCSource, u64), ChannelError> {
+	pub fn update_fulfill_htlc(&mut self, msg: &msgs::UpdateFulfillHTLC) -> Result<(HTLCSource, u64, Option<u64>), ChannelError> {
 		if !matches!(self.context.channel_state, ChannelState::ChannelReady(_)) {
 			return Err(ChannelError::Close("Got fulfill HTLC message when channel was not in an operational state".to_owned()));
 		}
 		if self.context.channel_state.is_peer_disconnected() {
 			return Err(ChannelError::Close("Peer sent update_fulfill_htlc when we needed a channel_reestablish".to_owned()));
 		}
 
-		self.mark_outbound_htlc_removed(msg.htlc_id, Some(msg.payment_preimage), None).map(|htlc| (htlc.source.clone(), htlc.amount_msat))
+		self.mark_outbound_htlc_removed(msg.htlc_id, Some(msg.payment_preimage), None).map(|htlc| (htlc.source.clone(), htlc.amount_msat, htlc.skimmed_fee_msat))
 	}
 
 	pub fn update_fail_htlc(&mut self, msg: &msgs::UpdateFailHTLC, fail_reason: HTLCFailReason) -> Result<(), ChannelError> {

lightning/src/ln/channelmanager.rs

@@ -5668,8 +5668,9 @@ where
 	}
 
 	fn claim_funds_internal(&self, source: HTLCSource, payment_preimage: PaymentPreimage,
-		forwarded_htlc_value_msat: Option<u64>, from_onchain: bool, startup_replay: bool,
-		next_channel_counterparty_node_id: Option<PublicKey>, next_channel_outpoint: OutPoint
+		forwarded_htlc_value_msat: Option<u64>, skimmed_fee_msat: Option<u64>, from_onchain: bool,
+		startup_replay: bool, next_channel_counterparty_node_id: Option<PublicKey>,
+		next_channel_outpoint: OutPoint
 	) {
 		match source {
 			HTLCSource::OutboundRoute { session_priv, payment_id, path, .. } => {
@@ -5767,13 +5768,16 @@ where
 									Some(claimed_htlc_value - forwarded_htlc_value)
 								} else { None }
 							} else { None };
+							debug_assert!(skimmed_fee_msat <= fee_earned_msat,
+								"skimmed_fee_msat must always be included in fee_earned_msat");
 							Some(MonitorUpdateCompletionAction::EmitEventAndFreeOtherChannel {
 								event: events::Event::PaymentForwarded {
 									fee_earned_msat,
 									claim_from_onchain_tx: from_onchain,
 									prev_channel_id: Some(prev_outpoint.to_channel_id()),
 									next_channel_id: Some(next_channel_outpoint.to_channel_id()),
 									outbound_amount_forwarded_msat: forwarded_htlc_value_msat,
+									skimmed_fee_msat,
 								},
 								downstream_counterparty_and_funding_outpoint: chan_to_release,
 							})
@@ -6712,7 +6716,7 @@ where
 
 	fn internal_update_fulfill_htlc(&self, counterparty_node_id: &PublicKey, msg: &msgs::UpdateFulfillHTLC) -> Result<(), MsgHandleErrInternal> {
 		let funding_txo;
-		let (htlc_source, forwarded_htlc_value) = {
+		let (htlc_source, forwarded_htlc_value, skimmed_fee_msat) = {
 			let per_peer_state = self.per_peer_state.read().unwrap();
 			let peer_state_mutex = per_peer_state.get(counterparty_node_id)
 				.ok_or_else(|| {
@@ -6750,7 +6754,11 @@ where
 				hash_map::Entry::Vacant(_) => return Err(MsgHandleErrInternal::send_err_msg_no_close(format!("Got a message for a channel from the wrong node! No such channel for the passed counterparty_node_id {}", counterparty_node_id), msg.channel_id))
 			}
 		};
-		self.claim_funds_internal(htlc_source, msg.payment_preimage.clone(), Some(forwarded_htlc_value), false, false, Some(*counterparty_node_id), funding_txo);
+		self.claim_funds_internal(htlc_source, msg.payment_preimage.clone(),
+			Some(forwarded_htlc_value), skimmed_fee_msat, false, false, Some(*counterparty_node_id),
+			funding_txo
+		);
+
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
@@ -7246,7 +7254,7 @@ where
 						let logger = WithContext::from(&self.logger, counterparty_node_id, Some(funding_outpoint.to_channel_id()));
 						if let Some(preimage) = htlc_update.payment_preimage {
 							log_trace!(logger, "Claiming HTLC with preimage {} from our monitor", preimage);
-							self.claim_funds_internal(htlc_update.source, preimage, htlc_update.htlc_value_satoshis.map(|v| v * 1000), true, false, counterparty_node_id, funding_outpoint);
+							self.claim_funds_internal(htlc_update.source, preimage, htlc_update.htlc_value_satoshis.map(|v| v * 1000), None, true, false, counterparty_node_id, funding_outpoint);
 						} else {
 							log_trace!(logger, "Failing HTLC with hash {} from our monitor", &htlc_update.payment_hash);
 							let receiver = HTLCDestination::NextHopChannel { node_id: counterparty_node_id, channel_id: funding_outpoint.to_channel_id() };
@@ -11119,7 +11127,7 @@ where
 			// We use `downstream_closed` in place of `from_onchain` here just as a guess - we
 			// don't remember in the `ChannelMonitor` where we got a preimage from, but if the
 			// channel is closed we just assume that it probably came from an on-chain claim.
-			channel_manager.claim_funds_internal(source, preimage, Some(downstream_value),
+			channel_manager.claim_funds_internal(source, preimage, Some(downstream_value), None,
 				downstream_closed, true, downstream_node_id, downstream_funding);
 		}
 

lightning/src/ln/functional_test_utils.rs

@@ -2201,14 +2201,19 @@ macro_rules! expect_payment_path_successful {
 
 pub fn expect_payment_forwarded<CM: AChannelManager, H: NodeHolder<CM=CM>>(
 	event: Event, node: &H, prev_node: &H, next_node: &H, expected_fee: Option<u64>,
-	upstream_force_closed: bool, downstream_force_closed: bool
+	expected_extra_fee_limit_msat: Option<u64>, upstream_force_closed: bool,
+	downstream_force_closed: bool
 ) {
 	match event {
 		Event::PaymentForwarded {
 			fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id,
-			outbound_amount_forwarded_msat: _
+			outbound_amount_forwarded_msat: _, skimmed_fee_msat
 		} => {
 			assert_eq!(fee_earned_msat, expected_fee);
+
+			// Check that the (knowingly) withheld amount is always less or equal to the expected
+			// overpaid amount.
+			assert!(skimmed_fee_msat <= expected_extra_fee_limit_msat);
 			if !upstream_force_closed {
 				// Is the event prev_channel_id in one of the channels between the two nodes?
 				assert!(node.node().list_channels().iter().any(|x| x.counterparty.node_id == prev_node.node().get_our_node_id() && x.channel_id == prev_channel_id.unwrap()));
@@ -2225,12 +2230,14 @@ pub fn expect_payment_forwarded<CM: AChannelManager, H: NodeHolder<CM=CM>>(
 }
 
 macro_rules! expect_payment_forwarded {
-	($node: expr, $prev_node: expr, $next_node: expr, $expected_fee: expr, $upstream_force_closed: expr, $downstream_force_closed: expr) => {
+	($node: expr, $prev_node: expr, $next_node: expr, $expected_fee: expr,
+	 $expected_extra_fee_limit_msat: expr, $upstream_force_closed: expr,
+	 $downstream_force_closed: expr) => {
 		let mut events = $node.node.get_and_clear_pending_events();
 		assert_eq!(events.len(), 1);
 		$crate::ln::functional_test_utils::expect_payment_forwarded(
 			events.pop().unwrap(), &$node, &$prev_node, &$next_node, $expected_fee,
-			$upstream_force_closed, $downstream_force_closed);
+			$expected_extra_fee_limit_msat, $upstream_force_closed, $downstream_force_closed);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2664,8 +2671,13 @@ pub fn pass_claimed_payment_along_route<'a, 'b, 'c>(origin_node: &Node<'a, 'b, '
 							channel.context().config().forwarding_fee_base_msat
 						}
 					};
-					if $idx == 1 { fee += expected_extra_fees[i]; }
-					expect_payment_forwarded!(*$node, $next_node, $prev_node, Some(fee as u64), false, false);
+					let mut expected_extra_fee_limit = None;
+					if $idx == 1 {
+						fee += expected_extra_fees[i];
+						expected_extra_fee_limit = Some(expected_extra_fees[i] as u64);
+					}
+					expect_payment_forwarded!(*$node, $next_node, $prev_node, Some(fee as u64),
+						expected_extra_fee_limit, false, false);
 					expected_total_fee_msat += fee as u64;
 					check_added_monitors!($node, 1);
 					let new_next_msgs = if $new_msgs {

lightning/src/ln/functional_tests.rs

@@ -2889,7 +2889,7 @@ fn test_htlc_on_chain_success() {
 	}
 	let chan_id = Some(chan_1.2);
 	match forwarded_events[1] {
-		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat } => {
+		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, .. } => {
 			assert_eq!(fee_earned_msat, Some(1000));
 			assert_eq!(prev_channel_id, chan_id);
 			assert_eq!(claim_from_onchain_tx, true);
@@ -2899,7 +2899,7 @@ fn test_htlc_on_chain_success() {
 		_ => panic!()
 	}
 	match forwarded_events[2] {
-		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat } => {
+		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, .. } => {
 			assert_eq!(fee_earned_msat, Some(1000));
 			assert_eq!(prev_channel_id, chan_id);
 			assert_eq!(claim_from_onchain_tx, true);
@@ -4912,7 +4912,7 @@ fn test_onchain_to_onchain_claim() {
 		_ => panic!("Unexpected event"),
 	}
 	match events[1] {
-		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat } => {
+		Event::PaymentForwarded { fee_earned_msat, prev_channel_id, claim_from_onchain_tx, next_channel_id, outbound_amount_forwarded_msat, .. } => {
 			assert_eq!(fee_earned_msat, Some(1000));
 			assert_eq!(prev_channel_id, Some(chan_1.2));
 			assert_eq!(claim_from_onchain_tx, true);
@@ -5097,7 +5097,7 @@ fn test_duplicate_payment_hash_one_failure_one_success() {
 
 	// Solve 2nd HTLC by broadcasting on B's chain HTLC-Success Tx from C
 	mine_transaction(&nodes[1], &htlc_success_txn[1]);
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(196), true, true);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], Some(196), None, true, true);
 	let updates = get_htlc_update_msgs!(nodes[1], nodes[0].node.get_our_node_id());
 	assert!(updates.update_add_htlcs.is_empty());
 	assert!(updates.update_fail_htlcs.is_empty());
@@ -8819,7 +8819,7 @@ fn do_test_onchain_htlc_settlement_after_close(broadcast_alice: bool, go_onchain
 
 	nodes[1].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id(), &carol_updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
 	let went_onchain = go_onchain_before_fulfill || force_closing_node == 1;
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], if went_onchain { None } else { Some(1000) }, went_onchain, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], if went_onchain { None } else { Some(1000) }, None, went_onchain, false);
 	// If Alice broadcasted but Bob doesn't know yet, here he prepares to tell her about the preimage.
 	if !go_onchain_before_fulfill && broadcast_alice {
 		let events = nodes[1].node.get_and_clear_pending_msg_events();

lightning/src/ln/payment_tests.rs

@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ fn do_retry_with_no_persist(confirm_before_reload: bool) {
 	nodes[1].node.handle_update_fulfill_htlc(&nodes[2].node.get_our_node_id(), &htlc_fulfill_updates.update_fulfill_htlcs[0]);
 	check_added_monitors!(nodes[1], 1);
 	commitment_signed_dance!(nodes[1], nodes[2], htlc_fulfill_updates.commitment_signed, false);
-	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], None, true, false);
+	expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[2], None, None, true, false);
 
 	if confirm_before_reload {
 		let best_block = nodes[0].blocks.lock().unwrap().last().unwrap().clone();
@@ -3621,7 +3621,7 @@ fn do_claim_from_closed_chan(fail_payment: bool) {
 
 		mine_transactions(&nodes[1], &[&bs_tx[0], &ds_tx[0]]);
 		check_added_monitors(&nodes[1], 1);
-		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[3], Some(1000), false, true);
+		expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[1], nodes[0], nodes[3], Some(1000), None, false, true);
 
 		let bs_claims = nodes[1].node.get_and_clear_pending_msg_events();
 		check_added_monitors(&nodes[1], 1);
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ fn do_claim_from_closed_chan(fail_payment: bool) {
 			let cs_claim_msgs = nodes[2].node.get_and_clear_pending_msg_events();
 			check_added_monitors(&nodes[2], 1);
 			commitment_signed_dance!(nodes[2], nodes[3], updates.commitment_signed, false, true);
-			expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[2], nodes[0], nodes[3], Some(1000), false, false);
+			expect_payment_forwarded!(nodes[2], nodes[0], nodes[3], Some(1000), None, false, false);
 			cs_claim_msgs
 		} else { panic!(); };