@@ -36,12 +36,13 @@ Add the following lines to **generate.lmp**:
3636 create_atoms Si random 240 5802 box overlap 2.0 maxtry 500
3737 create_atoms O random 480 1072 box overlap 2.0 maxtry 500
3838
39- The ``create_atoms `` commands are used to place
39+ In line with what is done in previous tutorials, the
40+ ``create_atoms `` commands are used to place
4041240 Si atoms and 480 O atoms, respectively. This corresponds to
4142an initial density of approximately :math: `2 \, \text {g/cm}^3 `, which is close
4243to the expected final density of amorphous silica at 300 K.
4344
44- Now, specify the pair coefficients by indicating that the first atom type
45+ Now, specify the potential parameters by indicating that the first atom type
4546is ``Si `` and the second is ``O ``:
4647
4748.. code-block :: lammps
@@ -103,6 +104,9 @@ to :math:`T = 300\,\text{K}`, is implemented as follows:
103104 fix mynvt all nvt temp 6000 300 0.1
104105 run 30000
105106
107+ In this case, the initial and final target temperatures set for
108+ the Nosé-Hoover thermostat is different, causing it to evolve
109+ linearly within the number of timesteps evoked in the ``run `` command.
106110In the third step, the system is equilibrated at the final desired
107111conditions, :math: `T = 300 \,\text {K}` and :math: `p = 1 \,\text {atm}`,
108112using an anisotropic pressure coupling:
@@ -116,15 +120,16 @@ using an anisotropic pressure coupling:
116120
117121 write_data generate.data
118122
119- Here, an anisotropic barostat is used.
120- Anisotropic barostats adjust the dimensions independently, which is
123+ Here, an anisotropic barostat is used. As previously mentioned,
124+ anisotropic barostats adjust the dimensions independently, which is
121125generally suitable for a solid phase.
122126
123127Run the simulation using LAMMPS. From the ``Charts `` window, the temperature
124128evolution can be observed, showing that it closely follows the desired annealing procedure.
125129The evolution of the box dimensions over time confirms that the box is deforming during the
126- last stage of the simulation. After the simulation completes, the final LAMMPS topology
127- file called **generate.data ** will be located next to **generate.lmp **.
130+ last stage of the simulation. After the simulation completes, the final
131+ microstate attained during the dynamics and the system topology will be written to a LAMMPS data
132+ file called **generate.data ** which will be located next to **generate.lmp **.
128133
129134.. figure :: figures/GCMC-dimension-dm.png
130135 :class: only-dark
@@ -184,7 +189,7 @@ the **cracking.lmp** file:
184189
185190 write_data cracking.data
186191
187- The ``fix nvt `` command integrates the Nosé-Hoover equations
192+ As discussed, the ``fix nvt `` command integrates the Nosé-Hoover equations
188193of motion and is employed to control the temperature of the system.
189194As observed from the generated images, the atoms
190195progressively adjust to the changing box dimensions. At some point,
@@ -217,20 +222,21 @@ Adding water
217222
218223To add the water molecules to the silica, we will employ the Monte Carlo
219224method in the grand canonical ensemble (GCMC). In short, the system is
220- placed into contact with a virtual reservoir of a given chemical
221- potential :math: `\mu `, and multiple attempts to insert water molecules at
222- random positions are made. Each attempt is either accepted or rejected
223- based on energy considerations. For further details, please refer to
224- classical textbooks like Ref. :cite: `frenkel2023understanding `.
225+ placed into contact with a virtual reservoir containing pure water at a given
226+ thermodynamic state, and multiple attempts to insert water molecules at
227+ random positions are made. In the grand
228+ canonical ensemble, each attempt is either accepted or rejected
229+ based on internal energy and chemical potential considerations. For further
230+ details, please refer to classical textbooks like Ref. :cite: `frenkel2023understanding `.
225231
226232Adapting the pair style
227233-----------------------
228234
229235For this next step, we need to specify the force field used to
230236model the interactions in the system. The TIP4P/2005 model is employed
231237for the water :cite: `abascal2005general `, while no interaction within
232- silica is defined, as it will be seen farther below. This is be-
233- cause atoms of the silica will remain frozen during this part of the simulation.
238+ silica is defined, as it will be seen farther below. This is because atoms of
239+ the silica will remain frozen during this part of the simulation.
234240Only the cross-interactions between water and silica need
235241to be defined. Create a new file called **gcmc.lmp **, and copy the following
236242lines into it:
@@ -344,8 +350,8 @@ We can now proceed to complete the **gcmc.lmp** file by adding the system defini
344350 After reading the data file and defining the ``h2omol `` molecule from the **H2O.mol **
345351file, the ``create_atoms `` command is used to include three water molecules
346352in the system. Then, add the following ``pair_coeff `` (and
347- ``bond_coeff `` and ``angle_coeff ``) commands
348- to ** gcmc.lmp ** :
353+ ``bond_coeff `` and ``angle_coeff ``) commands to ** gcmc.lmp **
354+ in order to set the potential parameters :
349355
350356.. code-block :: lammps
351357
@@ -357,7 +363,7 @@ to **gcmc.lmp**:
357363 bond_coeff OW-HW 0 0.9572
358364 angle_coeff HW-OW-HW 0 104.52
359365
360- Pair coefficients for the ``lj/cut/tip4p/long ``
366+ Pair coefficients for the ``lj/cut/tip4p/long `` pair style
361367potential are defined between O(:math: `\text {H}_2 \text {O}`) and between H(:math: `\text {H}_2 \text {O}`)
362368atoms, as well as between O(:math: `\text {SiO}_2 `)-O(:math: `\text {H}_2 \text {O}`) and
363369Si(:math: `\text {SiO}_2 `)-O(:math: `\text {H}_2 \text {O}`). Thus, the fluid-fluid and the
@@ -393,8 +399,9 @@ Add the following lines to **gcmc.lmp** as well:
393399 their properties or types.
394400
395401The number of oxygen atoms from water molecules (i.e. the number of molecules)
396- is calculated by the ``nO `` variable. The SHAKE algorithm is used to
397- maintain the shape of the water molecules over time :cite: `ryckaert1977numerical, andersen1983rattle `.
402+ is calculated by the ``nO `` variable. As already discussed in other tutorials,
403+ the SHAKE algorithm is used to maintain the shape of the water molecules
404+ over time :cite: `ryckaert1977numerical, andersen1983rattle `.
398405
399406Finally, let us create images
400407of the system using ``dump image ``:
0 commit comments