Add CodeQL analysis as CI task

[tautschnig]

YAML configuration based on GitHub's auto-generated configuration file.

Creating this in Draft mode: I have no idea how useful this might turn out to be.

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• n/a Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #6678 (d50f107) into develop (05e1fd6) will increase coverage by 0.03%.
The diff coverage is 86.68%.

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #6678      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    76.89%   76.92%   +0.03%     
===========================================
  Files         1582     1583       +1     
  Lines       183170   183314     +144     
===========================================
+ Hits        140840   141019     +179     
+ Misses       42330    42295      -35     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
jbmc/src/java_bytecode/lazy_goto_model.cpp	82.17% <0.00%> (ø)
src/ansi-c/expr2c_class.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/crangler/ctokenit.cpp	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
src/crangler/mini_c_parser.cpp	72.67% <0.00%> (ø)
src/goto-checker/solver_factory.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/goto-instrument/reachability_slicer_class.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/goto-programs/goto_trace.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/memory-analyzer/analyze_symbol.cpp	72.98% <0.00%> (ø)
src/symtab2gb/symtab2gb_parse_options.cpp	63.38% <0.00%> (ø)
src/util/exception_utils.cpp	91.66% <0.00%> (-6.12%)	⬇️
... and 32 more

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[tautschnig]

Requires #6682 to be merged first.

[tautschnig]

Making ready for review as CodeQL found one issue (fixed in #6682).