[SPARK-28160][CORE] Fix a bug that callback function may hang when unchecked exception missed

This is very like #23590 .

`ByteBuffer.allocate` may throw `OutOfMemoryError` when the response is large but no enough memory is available. However, when this happens, `TransportClient.sendRpcSync` will just hang forever if the timeout set to unlimited.

This PR catches `Throwable` and uses the error to complete `SettableFuture`.

I tested in my IDE by setting the value of size to -1 to verify the result. Without this patch, it won't be finished until timeout (May hang forever if timeout set to MAX_INT), or the expected `IllegalArgumentException` will be caught.
```java
Override
      public void onSuccess(ByteBuffer response) {
        try {
          int size = response.remaining();
          ByteBuffer copy = ByteBuffer.allocate(size); // set size to -1 in runtime when debug
          copy.put(response);
          // flip "copy" to make it readable
          copy.flip();
          result.set(copy);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
          result.setException(t);
        }
      }
```

Closes #24964 from LantaoJin/SPARK-28160.

Lead-authored-by: LantaoJin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: lajin <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sean Owen <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 0e42100)
Signed-off-by: Sean Owen <[email protected]>

Author: LantaoJin

common/network-common/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/network/client/TransportClient.java

@@ -237,11 +237,16 @@ public ByteBuffer sendRpcSync(ByteBuffer message, long timeoutMs) {
     sendRpc(message, new RpcResponseCallback() {
       @Override
       public void onSuccess(ByteBuffer response) {
-        ByteBuffer copy = ByteBuffer.allocate(response.remaining());
-        copy.put(response);
-        // flip "copy" to make it readable
-        copy.flip();
-        result.set(copy);
+        try {
+          ByteBuffer copy = ByteBuffer.allocate(response.remaining());
+          copy.put(response);
+          // flip "copy" to make it readable
+          copy.flip();
+          result.set(copy);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          logger.warn("Error in responding PRC callback", t);
+          result.setException(t);
+        }
       }
 
       @Override