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(`expr[expr]`), and [field references](#field-expressions) (`expr.f`).
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All other expressions are rvalues.
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The left operand of an [assignment](#assignment-expressions) or
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The left operand of an [assignment](#assignment-expressions),
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[binary move](#binary-move-expressions) or
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[compound-assignment](#compound-assignment-expressions) expression is an lvalue context,
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as is the single operand of a unary [borrow](#unary-operator-expressions).
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as is the single operand of a unary [borrow](#unary-operator-expressions),
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or [move](#unary-move-expressions) expression,
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and _both_ operands of a [swap](#swap-expressions) expression.
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All other expression contexts are rvalue contexts.
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When an lvalue is evaluated in an _lvalue context_, it denotes a memory location;
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When a [local variable](#memory-slots) is used
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as an [rvalue](#lvalues-rvalues-and-temporaries)
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the variable will either be moved or copied, depending on its type.
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For types that contain [owning pointers](#pointer-types)
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the variable will either be [moved](#move-expressions) or copied,
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depending on its type.
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For types that contain [owning pointers](#owning-pointers)
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or values that implement the special trait `Drop`,
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the variable is moved.
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All other types are copied.
@@ -2886,26 +2890,16 @@ match x {
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The first pattern matches lists constructed by applying `Cons` to any head value, and a
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tail value of `~Nil`. The second pattern matches _any_ list constructed with `Cons`,
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ignoring the values of its arguments. The difference between `_` and `*` is that the pattern
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`C(_)` is only type-correct if `C` has exactly one argument, while the pattern `C(..)` is
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type-correct for any enum variant `C`, regardless of how many arguments `C` has.
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A `match` behaves differently depending on whether or not the head expression
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is an [lvalue or an rvalue](#lvalues-rvalues-and-temporaries).
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If the head expression is an rvalue, it is
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first evaluated into a temporary location, and the resulting value
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is sequentially compared to the patterns in the arms until a match
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ignoring the values of its arguments. The difference between `_` and `*` is that the pattern `C(_)` is only type-correct if
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`C` has exactly one argument, while the pattern `C(..)` is type-correct for any enum variant `C`, regardless of how many arguments `C` has.
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To execute an `match` expression, first the head expression is evaluated, then
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its value is sequentially compared to the patterns in the arms until a match
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is found. The first arm with a matching pattern is chosen as the branch target
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of the `match`, any variables bound by the pattern are assigned to local
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variables in the arm's block, and control enters the block.
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When the head expression is an lvalue, the match does not allocate a
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temporary location (however, a by-value binding may copy or move from
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the lvalue). When possible, it is preferable to match on lvalues, as the
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lifetime of these matches inherits the lifetime of the lvalue, rather
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than being restricted to the inside of the match.
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An example of a `match` expression:
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An example of an `match` expression:
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~~~~
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# fn process_pair(a: int, b: int) { }
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default to binding to a copy or move of the matched value
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(depending on the matched value's type).
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This can be changed to bind to a reference by
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using the `ref` keyword,
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or to a mutable reference using `ref mut`.
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Patterns can also dereference pointers by using the `&`,
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`~` or `@` symbols, as appropriate. For example, these two matches
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on `x: &int` are equivalent:
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~~~~
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# let x = &3;
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let y = match *x { 0 => "zero", _ => "some" };
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let z = match x { &0 => "zero", _ => "some" };
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assert_eq!(y, z);
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~~~~
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A pattern that's just an identifier, like `Nil` in the previous answer,
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could either refer to an enum variant that's in scope, or bind a new variable.
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The compiler resolves this ambiguity by forbidding variable bindings that occur
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in `match` patterns from shadowing names of variants that are in scope.
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For example, wherever `List` is in scope,
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a `match` pattern would not be able to bind `Nil` as a new name.
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The compiler interprets a variable pattern `x` as a binding _only_ if there is
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no variant named `x` in scope.
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A convention you can use to avoid conflicts is simply to name variants with
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upper-case letters, and local variables with lower-case letters.
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using the ```ref``` keyword,
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or to a mutable reference using ```ref mut```.
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A pattern that's just an identifier,
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like `Nil` in the previous answer,
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could either refer to an enum variant that's in scope,
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or bind a new variable.
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The compiler resolves this ambiguity by forbidding variable bindings that occur in ```match``` patterns from shadowing names of variants that are in scope.
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For example, wherever ```List``` is in scope,
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a ```match``` pattern would not be able to bind ```Nil``` as a new name.
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The compiler interprets a variable pattern `x` as a binding _only_ if there is no variant named `x` in scope.
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A convention you can use to avoid conflicts is simply to name variants with upper-case letters,
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and local variables with lower-case letters.
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Multiple match patterns may be joined with the `|` operator.
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A range of values may be specified with `..`.
@@ -3140,20 +3122,19 @@ A `struct` *type* is a heterogeneous product of other types, called the *fields*
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the *record* types of the ML family,
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or the *structure* types of the Lisp family.]
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New instances of a `struct` can be constructed with a [struct expression](#structure-expressions).
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New instances of a `struct` can be constructed with a [struct expression](#struct-expressions).
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The memory order of fields in a `struct` is given by the item defining it.
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Fields may be given in any order in a corresponding struct *expression*;
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the resulting `struct` value will always be laid out in memory in the order specified by the corresponding *item*.
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The fields of a `struct` may be qualified by [visibility modifiers](#re-exporting-and-visibility),
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The fields of a `struct` may be qualified by [visibility modifiers](#visibility-modifiers),
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to restrict access to implementation-private data in a structure.
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A _tuple struct_ type is just like a structure type, except that the fields are anonymous.
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A _unit-like struct_ type is like a structure type, except that it has no fields.
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The one value constructed by the associated [structure expression](#structure-expressions)
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is the only value that inhabits such a type.
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The one value constructed by the associated [structure expression](#structure-expression) is the only value that inhabits such a type.
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### Enumerated types
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@@ -3824,7 +3805,7 @@ over the output format of a Rust crate.
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### Logging system
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The runtime contains a system for directing [logging
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expressions](#logging-expressions) to a logging console and/or internal logging
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expressions](#log-expressions) to a logging console and/or internal logging
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buffers. Logging can be enabled per module.
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Logging output is enabled by setting the `RUST_LOG` environment
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