diff --git a/Doc/library/enum.rst b/Doc/library/enum.rst
index 30d80ce8d488cc..6e7de004cd52a1 100644
--- a/Doc/library/enum.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/enum.rst
@@ -400,6 +400,9 @@ Data Types
 
       results in the call ``int('1a', 16)`` and a value of ``17`` for the member.
 
+      ..note:: When writing a custom ``__new__``, do not use ``super().__new__`` --
+               call the appropriate ``__new__`` instead.
+
    .. method:: Enum.__repr__(self)
 
       Returns the string used for *repr()* calls.  By default, returns the
diff --git a/Lib/enum.py b/Lib/enum.py
index d10b99615981ba..22963cca4466f2 100644
--- a/Lib/enum.py
+++ b/Lib/enum.py
@@ -547,7 +547,10 @@ def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, *, boundary=None, _simple=False, **k
         classdict['_inverted_'] = None
         try:
             exc = None
+            classdict['_%s__in_progress' % cls] = True
             enum_class = super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds)
+            classdict['_%s__in_progress' % cls] = False
+            delattr(enum_class, '_%s__in_progress' % cls)
         except Exception as e:
             # since 3.12 the line "Error calling __set_name__ on '_proto_member' instance ..."
             # is tacked on to the error instead of raising a RuntimeError
@@ -1155,6 +1158,8 @@ def __new__(cls, value):
         # still not found -- verify that members exist, in-case somebody got here mistakenly
         # (such as via super when trying to override __new__)
         if not cls._member_map_:
+            if getattr(cls, '_%s__in_progress' % cls.__name__, False):
+                raise TypeError('do not use `super().__new__; call the appropriate __new__ directly') from None
             raise TypeError("%r has no members defined" % cls)
         #
         # still not found -- try _missing_ hook
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_enum.py b/Lib/test/test_enum.py
index cf3e042de1a4b4..27f8bbaf952afc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_enum.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_enum.py
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ def spam(cls):
     def test_bad_new_super(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(
                 TypeError,
-                'has no members defined',
+                'do not use .super...__new__;',
             ):
             class BadSuper(self.enum_type):
                 def __new__(cls, value):
@@ -3409,6 +3409,17 @@ def __new__(cls, int_value, *value_aliases):
         self.assertIs(Types(2), Types.NetList)
         self.assertIs(Types('nl'), Types.NetList)
 
+    def test_no_members(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                TypeError,
+                'has no members',
+            ):
+            Enum(7)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                TypeError,
+                'has no members',
+            ):
+            Flag(7)
 
 class TestOrder(unittest.TestCase):
     "test usage of the `_order_` attribute"
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-02-28-12-14-31.gh-issue-115821.YO2vKA.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-02-28-12-14-31.gh-issue-115821.YO2vKA.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7512a09a37cd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-02-28-12-14-31.gh-issue-115821.YO2vKA.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[Enum] Improve error message when calling super().__new__() in custom
+__new__.