diff --git a/Lib/test/test_clinic.py b/Lib/test/test_clinic.py
index 520cc51302212d..baf9bc80cbf1f4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_clinic.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_clinic.py
@@ -334,6 +334,16 @@ def converter_init(self):
         )
         self.assertIn(msg, out)
 
+    def test_module_already_got_one(self):
+        err = "Already defined module 'm'!"
+        block = """
+            /*[clinic input]
+            module m
+            module m
+            [clinic start generated code]*/
+        """
+        self.expect_failure(block, err, lineno=3)
+
 
 class ClinicGroupPermuterTest(TestCase):
     def _test(self, l, m, r, output):
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Tools-Demos/2023-08-04-00-04-40.gh-issue-107609.2DqgtL.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Tools-Demos/2023-08-04-00-04-40.gh-issue-107609.2DqgtL.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..080a6c15d9b8c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Tools-Demos/2023-08-04-00-04-40.gh-issue-107609.2DqgtL.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix duplicate module check in Argument Clinic. Previously, a duplicate
+definition would incorrectly be silently accepted. Patch by Erlend E.
+Aasland.
diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/vectorcall.c b/Modules/_testcapi/vectorcall.c
index dcbc973c9fb991..d9a432128afa93 100644
--- a/Modules/_testcapi/vectorcall.c
+++ b/Modules/_testcapi/vectorcall.c
@@ -157,10 +157,9 @@ VectorCallClass_vectorcall(PyObject *callable,
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
-module _testcapi
 class _testcapi.VectorCallClass "PyObject *" "&PyType_Type"
 [clinic start generated code]*/
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=8423a8e919f2f0df]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=95c63c1a47f9a995]*/
 
 /*[clinic input]
 _testcapi.VectorCallClass.set_vectorcall
diff --git a/Tools/clinic/clinic.py b/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
index e775b012d0b6df..e56601febb7f18 100755
--- a/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
+++ b/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
@@ -4324,7 +4324,7 @@ def directive_module(self, name: str) -> None:
         if cls:
             fail("Can't nest a module inside a class!")
 
-        if name in module.classes:
+        if name in module.modules:
             fail("Already defined module " + repr(name) + "!")
 
         m = Module(name, module)