diff --git a/src/axes.js b/src/axes.js
index 8ff27f4084..14779c6b3e 100644
--- a/src/axes.js
+++ b/src/axes.js
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 import {format, utcFormat} from "d3";
 import {formatIsoDate} from "./format.js";
 import {constant, isTemporal, string} from "./options.js";
-import {isOrdinalScale} from "./scales.js";
-
-export function inferFontVariant(scale) {
-  return isOrdinalScale(scale) && scale.interval === undefined ? undefined : "tabular-nums";
-}
 
 // D3 doesn’t provide a tick format for ordinal scales; we want shorthand when
 // an ordinal domain is numbers or dates, and we want null to mean the empty
diff --git a/src/channel.js b/src/channel.js
index bb67310dd7..c1fec6b219 100644
--- a/src/channel.js
+++ b/src/channel.js
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export function createChannels(channels, data) {
 export function valueObject(channels, scales) {
   const values = Object.fromEntries(
     Object.entries(channels).map(([name, {scale: scaleName, value}]) => {
-      const scale = scaleName == null ? null : scales[scaleName];
+      const scale = scaleName == null ? null : scales[scaleName]?.apply;
       return [name, scale == null ? value : map(value, scale)];
     })
   );
diff --git a/src/facet.js b/src/facet.js
index 3a6daed12c..2cdcf3b21d 100644
--- a/src/facet.js
+++ b/src/facet.js
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ export function facetGroups(data, {fx, fy}) {
 }
 
 export function facetTranslate(fx, fy, {marginTop, marginLeft}) {
-  return fx && fy
-    ? ({x, y}) => `translate(${fx(x) - marginLeft},${fy(y) - marginTop})`
-    : fx
-    ? ({x}) => `translate(${fx(x) - marginLeft},0)`
-    : ({y}) => `translate(0,${fy(y) - marginTop})`;
+  return fx?.apply && fy?.apply
+    ? ({x, y}) => `translate(${fx.apply(x) - marginLeft},${fy.apply(y) - marginTop})`
+    : fx?.apply
+    ? ({x}) => `translate(${fx.apply(x) - marginLeft},0)`
+    : ({y}) => `translate(0,${fy.apply(y) - marginTop})`;
 }
 
 // Returns an index that for each facet lists all the elements present in other
diff --git a/src/legends/ramp.js b/src/legends/ramp.js
index d52f2d8ccd..7119061e39 100644
--- a/src/legends/ramp.js
+++ b/src/legends/ramp.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import {quantize, interpolateNumber, piecewise, format, scaleBand, scaleLinear, axisBottom} from "d3";
-import {inferFontVariant} from "../axes.js";
+import {inferFontVariant} from "../marks/axis.js";
 import {createContext, create} from "../context.js";
 import {map} from "../options.js";
 import {interpolatePiecewise} from "../scales/quantitative.js";
diff --git a/src/legends/swatches.js b/src/legends/swatches.js
index 8537a3842e..2538609da0 100644
--- a/src/legends/swatches.js
+++ b/src/legends/swatches.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import {pathRound as path} from "d3";
-import {inferFontVariant, maybeAutoTickFormat} from "../axes.js";
+import {inferFontVariant} from "../marks/axis.js";
+import {maybeAutoTickFormat} from "../axes.js";
 import {createContext, create} from "../context.js";
 import {isNoneish, maybeColorChannel, maybeNumberChannel} from "../options.js";
 import {isOrdinalScale, isThresholdScale} from "../scales.js";
diff --git a/src/mark.d.ts b/src/mark.d.ts
index d8a2bc9538..7296dd55f0 100644
--- a/src/mark.d.ts
+++ b/src/mark.d.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type {ChannelDomainSort, Channels, ChannelValue, ChannelValues, ChannelVa
 import type {Context} from "./context.js";
 import type {Dimensions} from "./dimensions.js";
 import type {plot} from "./plot.js";
-import type {ScaleFunctions} from "./scales.js";
+import type {InstanciatedScales} from "./scales.js";
 import type {InitializerFunction, SortOrder, TransformFunction} from "./transforms/basic.js";
 
 /**
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ export type Data = Iterable<any> | ArrayLike<any>;
 export type RenderFunction = (
   /** The mark’s (filtered and transformed) index. */
   index: number[],
-  /** The plot’s scale functions. */
-  scales: ScaleFunctions,
+  /** The plot’s instanciated scales. */
+  scales: InstanciatedScales,
   /** The mark’s (possibly scaled and transformed) channel values. */
   values: ChannelValues,
   /** The plot’s dimensions. */
@@ -459,5 +459,5 @@ export class RenderableMark extends Mark {
 /** A compound Mark, comprising other marks. */
 export type CompoundMark = Markish[] & Pick<Mark, "plot">;
 
-/** Given an array of marks, returns a compound mark; supports *mark.plot shorthand. */
+/** Given an array of marks, returns a compound mark; supports *mark*.plot shorthand. */
 export function marks(...marks: Markish[]): CompoundMark;
diff --git a/src/marks/axis.js b/src/marks/axis.js
index 7ebb0307be..ff2978e4cc 100644
--- a/src/marks/axis.js
+++ b/src/marks/axis.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {marks} from "../mark.js";
 import {radians} from "../math.js";
 import {range, valueof, arrayify, constant, keyword, identity, number} from "../options.js";
 import {isNoneish, isIterable, isTemporal, maybeRangeInterval, orderof} from "../options.js";
-import {isTemporalScale} from "../scales.js";
+import {isOrdinalScale, isTemporalScale} from "../scales.js";
 import {offset} from "../style.js";
 import {initializer} from "../transforms/basic.js";
 import {ruleX, ruleY} from "./rule.js";
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ function axisKy(
           initializer: function (data, facets, channels, scales, dimensions) {
             const scale = scales[k];
             const {marginTop, marginRight, marginBottom, marginLeft} = (k === "y" && dimensions.inset) || dimensions;
-            const cla = labelAnchor ?? (scale.bandwidth ? "center" : "top");
+            const cla = labelAnchor ?? (scale.bandwidth === undefined ? "top" : "center");
             const clo = labelOffset ?? (anchor === "right" ? marginRight : marginLeft) - 3;
             if (cla === "center") {
               this.textAnchor = undefined; // middle
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ function axisKx(
           initializer: function (data, facets, channels, scales, dimensions) {
             const scale = scales[k];
             const {marginTop, marginRight, marginBottom, marginLeft} = (k === "x" && dimensions.inset) || dimensions;
-            const cla = labelAnchor ?? (scale.bandwidth ? "center" : "right");
+            const cla = labelAnchor ?? (scale.bandwidth === undefined ? "right" : "center");
             const clo = labelOffset ?? (anchor === "top" ? marginTop : marginBottom) - 3;
             if (cla === "center") {
               this.frameAnchor = anchor;
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ function axisMark(mark, k, ariaLabel, data, options, initialize) {
       if (data == null) {
         if (isIterable(ticks)) {
           data = arrayify(ticks);
-        } else if (scale.ticks) {
+        } else if (scale._tickFunction) {
           if (ticks !== undefined) {
-            data = scale.ticks(ticks);
+            data = scale._tickFunction(ticks);
           } else {
             interval = maybeRangeInterval(interval === undefined ? scale.interval : interval, scale.type);
             if (interval !== undefined) {
@@ -517,16 +517,16 @@ function axisMark(mark, k, ariaLabel, data, options, initialize) {
               // scale.ticks because it’s supported by d3.utcTicks; but
               // quantitative scales and d3.ticks do not support numeric
               // intervals for scale.ticks, so we compute them here.
-              const [min, max] = extent(scale.domain());
+              const [min, max] = extent(scale.domain);
               data = interval.range(min, interval.offset(interval.floor(max))); // inclusive max
             } else {
-              const [min, max] = extent(scale.range());
+              const [min, max] = extent(scale.range);
               ticks = (max - min) / (tickSpacing === undefined ? (k === "x" ? 80 : 35) : tickSpacing);
-              data = scale.ticks(ticks);
+              data = scale._tickFunction(ticks);
             }
           }
         } else {
-          data = scale.domain();
+          data = scale.domain;
         }
         if (k === "y" || k === "x") {
           facets = [range(data)];
@@ -563,12 +563,12 @@ function inferTextChannel(scale, ticks, tickFormat) {
 // domain (or ticks) are numbers or dates (say because we’re applying a time
 // interval to the ordinal scale), we want Plot’s default formatter.
 function inferTickFormat(scale, ticks, tickFormat) {
-  return scale.tickFormat
-    ? scale.tickFormat(isIterable(ticks) ? null : ticks, tickFormat)
+  return scale._tickFormat
+    ? scale._tickFormat(isIterable(ticks) ? null : ticks, tickFormat)
     : tickFormat === undefined
     ? formatDefault
     : typeof tickFormat === "string"
-    ? (isTemporal(scale.domain()) ? utcFormat : format)(tickFormat)
+    ? (isTemporal(scale.domain) ? utcFormat : format)(tickFormat)
     : constant(tickFormat);
 }
 
@@ -600,24 +600,18 @@ const shapeTickRight = {
   }
 };
 
-// TODO Unify this with the other inferFontVariant; here we only have a scale
-// function rather than a scale descriptor.
-function inferFontVariant(scale) {
-  return scale.bandwidth && scale.interval === undefined ? undefined : "tabular-nums";
-}
-
 // Determines whether the scale points in the “positive” (right or down) or
 // “negative” (left or up) direction; if the scale order cannot be determined,
 // returns NaN; used to assign an appropriate label arrow.
 function inferScaleOrder(scale) {
-  return Math.sign(orderof(scale.domain())) * Math.sign(orderof(scale.range()));
+  return Math.sign(orderof(scale.domain)) * Math.sign(orderof(scale.range));
 }
 
 // Takes the scale label, and if this is not an ordinal scale and the label was
 // inferred from an associated channel, adds an orientation-appropriate arrow.
 function inferAxisLabel(key, scale, labelAnchor) {
-  const label = scale.label;
-  if (scale.bandwidth || !label?.inferred) return label;
+  const label = scale._label;
+  if (scale.bandwidth !== undefined || !label?.inferred) return label;
   const order = inferScaleOrder(scale);
   return order
     ? key === "x" || labelAnchor === "center"
@@ -627,3 +621,7 @@ function inferAxisLabel(key, scale, labelAnchor) {
       : `${order < 0 ? "↑ " : "↓ "}${label}`
     : label;
 }
+
+export function inferFontVariant(scale) {
+  return isOrdinalScale(scale) && scale.interval === undefined ? undefined : "tabular-nums";
+}
diff --git a/src/marks/bar.js b/src/marks/bar.js
index d7afbb37c4..95180687b4 100644
--- a/src/marks/bar.js
+++ b/src/marks/bar.js
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ export class AbstractBar extends Mark {
   }
   _width({x}, {x: X}, {marginRight, marginLeft, width}) {
     const {insetLeft, insetRight} = this;
-    const bandwidth = X && x ? x.bandwidth() : width - marginRight - marginLeft;
+    const bandwidth = X && x ? x.bandwidth : width - marginRight - marginLeft;
     return Math.max(0, bandwidth - insetLeft - insetRight);
   }
   _height({y}, {y: Y}, {marginTop, marginBottom, height}) {
     const {insetTop, insetBottom} = this;
-    const bandwidth = Y && y ? y.bandwidth() : height - marginTop - marginBottom;
+    const bandwidth = Y && y ? y.bandwidth : height - marginTop - marginBottom;
     return Math.max(0, bandwidth - insetTop - insetBottom);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/marks/geo.js b/src/marks/geo.js
index 7797189fee..b87a58a3c7 100644
--- a/src/marks/geo.js
+++ b/src/marks/geo.js
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function scaleProjection({x: X, y: Y}) {
     Y ??= (y) => y;
     return geoTransform({
       point(x, y) {
-        this.stream.point(X(x), Y(y));
+        this.stream.point(X.apply(x), Y.apply(y));
       }
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/marks/raster.js b/src/marks/raster.js
index fd601e3ced..813f243011 100644
--- a/src/marks/raster.js
+++ b/src/marks/raster.js
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ export class Raster extends AbstractRaster {
     return super.scale(channels, scales, context);
   }
   render(index, scales, values, dimensions, context) {
-    const color = scales[values.channels.fill?.scale] ?? ((x) => x);
+    const color = scales[values.channels.fill?.scale]?.apply ?? ((x) => x);
     const {x: X, y: Y} = values;
     const {document} = context;
     const [x1, y1, x2, y2] = renderBounds(values, dimensions, context);
diff --git a/src/marks/tick.js b/src/marks/tick.js
index 6901471f0a..e5aef12dbc 100644
--- a/src/marks/tick.js
+++ b/src/marks/tick.js
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export class TickX extends AbstractTick {
   }
   _y2({y}, {y: Y}, {height, marginBottom}) {
     const {insetBottom} = this;
-    return Y && y ? (i) => Y[i] + y.bandwidth() - insetBottom : height - marginBottom - insetBottom;
+    return Y && y ? (i) => Y[i] + y.bandwidth - insetBottom : height - marginBottom - insetBottom;
   }
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export class TickY extends AbstractTick {
   }
   _x2({x}, {x: X}, {width, marginRight}) {
     const {insetRight} = this;
-    return X && x ? (i) => X[i] + x.bandwidth() - insetRight : width - marginRight - insetRight;
+    return X && x ? (i) => X[i] + x.bandwidth - insetRight : width - marginRight - insetRight;
   }
   _y1(scales, {y: Y}) {
     return (i) => Y[i];
diff --git a/src/plot.js b/src/plot.js
index 76c99a55d8..94c10d57d9 100644
--- a/src/plot.js
+++ b/src/plot.js
@@ -133,11 +133,11 @@ export function plot(options = {}) {
 
   // Initalize the scales and dimensions.
   const scaleDescriptors = createScales(addScaleChannels(channelsByScale, stateByMark), options);
-  const scales = createScaleFunctions(scaleDescriptors);
   const dimensions = createDimensions(scaleDescriptors, marks, options);
 
   autoScaleRange(scaleDescriptors, dimensions);
 
+  const scales = createScaleFunctions(scaleDescriptors);
   const {fx, fy} = scales;
   const subdimensions = fx || fy ? innerDimensions(scaleDescriptors, dimensions) : dimensions;
   const superdimensions = fx || fy ? actualDimensions(scales, dimensions) : dimensions;
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ export function plot(options = {}) {
 
   // Render facets.
   if (facets !== undefined) {
-    const facetDomains = {x: fx?.domain(), y: fy?.domain()};
+    const facetDomains = {x: fx?.domain, y: fy?.domain};
 
     // Sort the facets to match the fx and fy domains; this is needed because
     // the facets were constructed prior to the fx and fy scales.
@@ -638,9 +638,9 @@ function actualDimensions({fx, fy}, dimensions) {
 }
 
 function outerRange(scale) {
-  const domain = scale.domain();
-  let x1 = scale(domain[0]);
-  let x2 = scale(domain[domain.length - 1]);
+  const {domain} = scale;
+  let x1 = scale.apply(domain[0]);
+  let x2 = scale.apply(domain[domain.length - 1]);
   if (x2 < x1) [x1, x2] = [x2, x1];
-  return [x1, x2 + scale.bandwidth()];
+  return [x1, x2 + scale.bandwidth];
 }
diff --git a/src/scales.d.ts b/src/scales.d.ts
index e46e527e0f..1994ddd2a2 100644
--- a/src/scales.d.ts
+++ b/src/scales.d.ts
@@ -160,10 +160,9 @@ export type ColorScheme = ColorSchemeCase | (Lowercase<ColorSchemeCase> & Record
 export type ScaleName = "x" | "y" | "fx" | "fy" | "r" | "color" | "opacity" | "symbol" | "length";
 
 /**
- * The instantiated scales’ apply functions; passed to marks and initializers
- * for rendering.
+ * The instantiated scales; passed to marks and initializers for rendering.
  */
-export type ScaleFunctions = {[key in ScaleName]?: (value: any) => any};
+export type InstanciatedScales = {[key in ScaleName]?: Scale};
 
 /**
  * The supported scale types. For quantitative data, one of:
diff --git a/src/scales.js b/src/scales.js
index 1e0138380c..980255fcf1 100644
--- a/src/scales.js
+++ b/src/scales.js
@@ -101,12 +101,17 @@ export function createScaleFunctions(scales) {
   return Object.fromEntries(
     Object.entries(scales)
       .filter(([, {scale}]) => scale) // drop identity scales
-      .map(([name, {scale, type, interval, label}]) => {
-        scale.type = type; // for axis
-        if (interval != null) scale.interval = interval; // for axis
-        if (label != null) scale.label = label; // for axis
-        return [name, scale];
-      })
+      .map(([name, scale]) => [
+        name,
+        {
+          ...exposeScale(scale),
+          // for axis
+          _label: scale.label,
+          _tickFormat: scale.scale.tickFormat,
+          _tickFunction: scale.scale.ticks,
+          ...(scale.type === "identity" && {range: slice(scale.range)})
+        }
+      ])
   );
 }
 
@@ -472,10 +477,10 @@ export function isDivergingScale({type}) {
 // dimension (whereas a dot will simply be drawn in the center).
 export function isCollapsed(scale) {
   if (scale === undefined) return true; // treat missing scale as collapsed
-  const domain = scale.domain();
-  const value = scale(domain[0]);
+  const {domain} = scale;
+  const value = scale.apply(domain[0]);
   for (let i = 1, n = domain.length; i < n; ++i) {
-    if (scale(domain[i]) - value) {
+    if (scale.apply(domain[i]) - value) {
       return false;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/style.js b/src/style.js
index e247afece4..a6e2342704 100644
--- a/src/style.js
+++ b/src/style.js
@@ -401,8 +401,8 @@ export function applyStyle(selection, name, value) {
 export function applyTransform(selection, mark, {x, y}, tx = offset, ty = offset) {
   tx += mark.dx;
   ty += mark.dy;
-  if (x?.bandwidth) tx += x.bandwidth() / 2;
-  if (y?.bandwidth) ty += y.bandwidth() / 2;
+  if (x?.bandwidth !== undefined) tx += x.bandwidth / 2;
+  if (y?.bandwidth !== undefined) ty += y.bandwidth / 2;
   if (tx || ty) selection.attr("transform", `translate(${tx},${ty})`);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/transforms/basic.d.ts b/src/transforms/basic.d.ts
index 204acf39bc..1d988b6d64 100644
--- a/src/transforms/basic.d.ts
+++ b/src/transforms/basic.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type {ChannelName, Channels, ChannelValue} from "../channel.js";
 import type {Context} from "../context.js";
 import type {Dimensions} from "../dimensions.js";
-import type {ScaleFunctions} from "../scales.js";
+import type {InstanciatedScales} from "../scales.js";
 
 /**
  * A mark transform function is passed the mark’s *data* and a nested index into
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export type InitializerFunction = (
   data: any[],
   facets: number[][],
   channels: Channels,
-  scales: ScaleFunctions,
+  scales: InstanciatedScales,
   dimensions: Dimensions,
   context: Context
 ) => {
diff --git a/src/transforms/dodge.js b/src/transforms/dodge.js
index 2cf0314447..3f4efe13b3 100644
--- a/src/transforms/dodge.js
+++ b/src/transforms/dodge.js
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ function dodge(y, x, anchor, padding, options) {
     if (!channels[x]) throw new Error(`missing channel: ${x}`);
     ({[x]: X} = applyPosition(channels, scales, context));
     const r = R ? undefined : this.r !== undefined ? this.r : options.r !== undefined ? number(options.r) : 3;
-    if (R) R = valueof(R.value, scales[R.scale] || identity, Float64Array);
+    if (R) R = valueof(R.value, scales[R.scale]?.apply || identity, Float64Array);
     let [ky, ty] = anchor(dimensions);
     const compare = ky ? compareAscending : compareSymmetric;
     const Y = new Float64Array(X.length);
diff --git a/test/transforms/remap.js b/test/transforms/remap.js
index 2b1214d869..5f3a68a029 100644
--- a/test/transforms/remap.js
+++ b/test/transforms/remap.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export function remap(outputs = {}, options) {
           if (!channel) throw new Error(`missing channel: ${name}`);
           const V = Array.from(channel.value);
           const n = V.length;
-          const scale = scales[channel.scale];
+          const scale = scales[channel.scale]?.apply;
           if (scale) for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) V[i] = scale(V[i]);
           for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) V[i] = map(V[i], i, V);
           return [name, {value: V}];