diff --git a/src/compiler/checker.ts b/src/compiler/checker.ts
index 4aee170f195d4..474861589d2b1 100644
--- a/src/compiler/checker.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/checker.ts
@@ -10305,16 +10305,32 @@ namespace ts {
 
         // If the given type is an object or union type, if that type has a single signature, and if
         // that signature is non-generic, return the signature. Otherwise return undefined.
-        function getNonGenericSignature(type: Type): Signature {
+        function getNonGenericSignature(type: Type, node: FunctionExpression | ArrowFunction | MethodDeclaration): Signature {
             const signatures = getSignaturesOfStructuredType(type, SignatureKind.Call);
             if (signatures.length === 1) {
                 const signature = signatures[0];
-                if (!signature.typeParameters) {
+                if (!signature.typeParameters && !isAritySmaller(signature, node)) {
                     return signature;
                 }
             }
         }
 
+        /** If the contextual signature has fewer parameters than the function expression, do not use it */
+        function isAritySmaller(signature: Signature, target: FunctionExpression | ArrowFunction | MethodDeclaration) {
+            let targetParameterCount = 0;
+            for (; targetParameterCount < target.parameters.length; targetParameterCount++) {
+                const param = target.parameters[targetParameterCount];
+                if (param.initializer || param.questionToken || param.dotDotDotToken || isJSDocOptionalParameter(param)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (target.parameters.length && parameterIsThisKeyword(target.parameters[0])) {
+                targetParameterCount--;
+            }
+            const sourceLength = signature.hasRestParameter ? Number.MAX_VALUE : signature.parameters.length;
+            return sourceLength < targetParameterCount;
+        }
+
         function isFunctionExpressionOrArrowFunction(node: Node): node is FunctionExpression | ArrowFunction {
             return node.kind === SyntaxKind.FunctionExpression || node.kind === SyntaxKind.ArrowFunction;
         }
@@ -10344,12 +10360,12 @@ namespace ts {
                 return undefined;
             }
             if (!(type.flags & TypeFlags.Union)) {
-                return getNonGenericSignature(type);
+                return getNonGenericSignature(type, node);
             }
             let signatureList: Signature[];
             const types = (<UnionType>type).types;
             for (const current of types) {
-                const signature = getNonGenericSignature(current);
+                const signature = getNonGenericSignature(current, node);
                 if (signature) {
                     if (!signatureList) {
                         // This signature will contribute to contextual union signature
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.js b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..55f1361f5a857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//// [contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts]
+// small repro from #11875
+var use: Overload;
+use((req, res) => {});
+
+interface Overload {
+    (handler1: (req1: string) => void): void;
+    (handler2: (req2: number, res2: number) => void): void;
+}
+// larger repro from #11875
+let app: MyApp;
+app.use((err: any, req, res, next) => { return; });
+
+
+interface MyApp {
+    use: IRouterHandler<this> & IRouterMatcher<this>;
+}
+
+interface IRouterHandler<T> {
+    (...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+    (...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+}
+
+interface IRouterMatcher<T> {
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+}
+
+type PathParams = string | RegExp | (string | RegExp)[];
+type RequestHandlerParams = RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler | (RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler)[];
+
+interface RequestHandler {
+    (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+}
+
+interface ErrorRequestHandler {
+    (err: any, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+}
+
+interface Request {
+    method: string;
+}
+
+interface Response {
+    statusCode: number;
+}
+
+interface NextFunction {
+    (err?: any): void;
+}
+
+
+//// [contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.js]
+// small repro from #11875
+var use;
+use(function (req, res) { });
+// larger repro from #11875
+var app;
+app.use(function (err, req, res, next) { return; });
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8f196cf48252d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts ===
+// small repro from #11875
+var use: Overload;
+>use : Symbol(use, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 1, 3))
+>Overload : Symbol(Overload, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 2, 22))
+
+use((req, res) => {});
+>use : Symbol(use, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 1, 3))
+>req : Symbol(req, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 2, 5))
+>res : Symbol(res, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 2, 9))
+
+interface Overload {
+>Overload : Symbol(Overload, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 2, 22))
+
+    (handler1: (req1: string) => void): void;
+>handler1 : Symbol(handler1, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 5, 5))
+>req1 : Symbol(req1, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 5, 16))
+
+    (handler2: (req2: number, res2: number) => void): void;
+>handler2 : Symbol(handler2, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 6, 5))
+>req2 : Symbol(req2, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 6, 16))
+>res2 : Symbol(res2, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 6, 29))
+}
+// larger repro from #11875
+let app: MyApp;
+>app : Symbol(app, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 9, 3))
+>MyApp : Symbol(MyApp, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 51))
+
+app.use((err: any, req, res, next) => { return; });
+>app.use : Symbol(MyApp.use, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 13, 17))
+>app : Symbol(app, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 9, 3))
+>use : Symbol(MyApp.use, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 13, 17))
+>err : Symbol(err, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 9))
+>req : Symbol(req, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 18))
+>res : Symbol(res, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 23))
+>next : Symbol(next, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 28))
+
+
+interface MyApp {
+>MyApp : Symbol(MyApp, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 10, 51))
+
+    use: IRouterHandler<this> & IRouterMatcher<this>;
+>use : Symbol(MyApp.use, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 13, 17))
+>IRouterHandler : Symbol(IRouterHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 15, 1))
+>IRouterMatcher : Symbol(IRouterMatcher, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 20, 1))
+}
+
+interface IRouterHandler<T> {
+>IRouterHandler : Symbol(IRouterHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 15, 1))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 17, 25))
+
+    (...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+>handlers : Symbol(handlers, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 18, 5))
+>RequestHandler : Symbol(RequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 28, 108))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 17, 25))
+
+    (...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+>handlers : Symbol(handlers, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 19, 5))
+>RequestHandlerParams : Symbol(RequestHandlerParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 27, 56))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 17, 25))
+}
+
+interface IRouterMatcher<T> {
+>IRouterMatcher : Symbol(IRouterMatcher, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 20, 1))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 22, 25))
+
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+>path : Symbol(path, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 23, 5))
+>PathParams : Symbol(PathParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 25, 1))
+>handlers : Symbol(handlers, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 23, 22))
+>RequestHandler : Symbol(RequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 28, 108))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 22, 25))
+
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+>path : Symbol(path, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 24, 5))
+>PathParams : Symbol(PathParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 25, 1))
+>handlers : Symbol(handlers, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 24, 22))
+>RequestHandlerParams : Symbol(RequestHandlerParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 27, 56))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 22, 25))
+}
+
+type PathParams = string | RegExp | (string | RegExp)[];
+>PathParams : Symbol(PathParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 25, 1))
+>RegExp : Symbol(RegExp, Decl(lib.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.d.ts, --, --))
+>RegExp : Symbol(RegExp, Decl(lib.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.d.ts, --, --))
+
+type RequestHandlerParams = RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler | (RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler)[];
+>RequestHandlerParams : Symbol(RequestHandlerParams, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 27, 56))
+>RequestHandler : Symbol(RequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 28, 108))
+>ErrorRequestHandler : Symbol(ErrorRequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 32, 1))
+>RequestHandler : Symbol(RequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 28, 108))
+>ErrorRequestHandler : Symbol(ErrorRequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 32, 1))
+
+interface RequestHandler {
+>RequestHandler : Symbol(RequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 28, 108))
+
+    (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+>req : Symbol(req, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 31, 5))
+>Request : Symbol(Request, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 36, 1))
+>res : Symbol(res, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 31, 18))
+>Response : Symbol(Response, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 40, 1))
+>next : Symbol(next, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 31, 33))
+>NextFunction : Symbol(NextFunction, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 44, 1))
+}
+
+interface ErrorRequestHandler {
+>ErrorRequestHandler : Symbol(ErrorRequestHandler, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 32, 1))
+
+    (err: any, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+>err : Symbol(err, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 35, 5))
+>req : Symbol(req, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 35, 14))
+>Request : Symbol(Request, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 36, 1))
+>res : Symbol(res, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 35, 28))
+>Response : Symbol(Response, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 40, 1))
+>next : Symbol(next, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 35, 43))
+>NextFunction : Symbol(NextFunction, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 44, 1))
+}
+
+interface Request {
+>Request : Symbol(Request, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 36, 1))
+
+    method: string;
+>method : Symbol(Request.method, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 38, 19))
+}
+
+interface Response {
+>Response : Symbol(Response, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 40, 1))
+
+    statusCode: number;
+>statusCode : Symbol(Response.statusCode, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 42, 20))
+}
+
+interface NextFunction {
+>NextFunction : Symbol(NextFunction, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 44, 1))
+
+    (err?: any): void;
+>err : Symbol(err, Decl(contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts, 47, 5))
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.types b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..769bd55d4b57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.types
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts ===
+// small repro from #11875
+var use: Overload;
+>use : Overload
+>Overload : Overload
+
+use((req, res) => {});
+>use((req, res) => {}) : void
+>use : Overload
+>(req, res) => {} : (req: any, res: any) => void
+>req : any
+>res : any
+
+interface Overload {
+>Overload : Overload
+
+    (handler1: (req1: string) => void): void;
+>handler1 : (req1: string) => void
+>req1 : string
+
+    (handler2: (req2: number, res2: number) => void): void;
+>handler2 : (req2: number, res2: number) => void
+>req2 : number
+>res2 : number
+}
+// larger repro from #11875
+let app: MyApp;
+>app : MyApp
+>MyApp : MyApp
+
+app.use((err: any, req, res, next) => { return; });
+>app.use((err: any, req, res, next) => { return; }) : MyApp
+>app.use : IRouterHandler<MyApp> & IRouterMatcher<MyApp>
+>app : MyApp
+>use : IRouterHandler<MyApp> & IRouterMatcher<MyApp>
+>(err: any, req, res, next) => { return; } : (err: any, req: any, res: any, next: any) => void
+>err : any
+>req : any
+>res : any
+>next : any
+
+
+interface MyApp {
+>MyApp : MyApp
+
+    use: IRouterHandler<this> & IRouterMatcher<this>;
+>use : IRouterHandler<this> & IRouterMatcher<this>
+>IRouterHandler : IRouterHandler<T>
+>IRouterMatcher : IRouterMatcher<T>
+}
+
+interface IRouterHandler<T> {
+>IRouterHandler : IRouterHandler<T>
+>T : T
+
+    (...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+>handlers : RequestHandler[]
+>RequestHandler : RequestHandler
+>T : T
+
+    (...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+>handlers : RequestHandlerParams[]
+>RequestHandlerParams : RequestHandlerParams
+>T : T
+}
+
+interface IRouterMatcher<T> {
+>IRouterMatcher : IRouterMatcher<T>
+>T : T
+
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+>path : PathParams
+>PathParams : PathParams
+>handlers : RequestHandler[]
+>RequestHandler : RequestHandler
+>T : T
+
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+>path : PathParams
+>PathParams : PathParams
+>handlers : RequestHandlerParams[]
+>RequestHandlerParams : RequestHandlerParams
+>T : T
+}
+
+type PathParams = string | RegExp | (string | RegExp)[];
+>PathParams : PathParams
+>RegExp : RegExp
+>RegExp : RegExp
+
+type RequestHandlerParams = RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler | (RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler)[];
+>RequestHandlerParams : RequestHandlerParams
+>RequestHandler : RequestHandler
+>ErrorRequestHandler : ErrorRequestHandler
+>RequestHandler : RequestHandler
+>ErrorRequestHandler : ErrorRequestHandler
+
+interface RequestHandler {
+>RequestHandler : RequestHandler
+
+    (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+>req : Request
+>Request : Request
+>res : Response
+>Response : Response
+>next : NextFunction
+>NextFunction : NextFunction
+}
+
+interface ErrorRequestHandler {
+>ErrorRequestHandler : ErrorRequestHandler
+
+    (err: any, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+>err : any
+>req : Request
+>Request : Request
+>res : Response
+>Response : Response
+>next : NextFunction
+>NextFunction : NextFunction
+}
+
+interface Request {
+>Request : Request
+
+    method: string;
+>method : string
+}
+
+interface Response {
+>Response : Response
+
+    statusCode: number;
+>statusCode : number
+}
+
+interface NextFunction {
+>NextFunction : NextFunction
+
+    (err?: any): void;
+>err : any
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.errors.txt
index a9fc9b68cf899..a6a4524592993 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.errors.txt
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.errors.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(12,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: D, t1: D) => void'.
-tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(13,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: D, t1: D) => void'.
-tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(14,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: C, t2: C, t3: D) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: C, t1: C) => void'.
+tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(12,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: any, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
+tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(13,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: any, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
+tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts(14,11): error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: any, t2: any, t3: D) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
 
 
 ==== tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partiallyAnnotatedFunctionInferenceError.ts (3 errors) ====
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ tests/cases/conformance/types/contextualTypes/partiallyAnnotatedFunction/partial
     // more args
     testError((t1: D, t2, t3) => {})
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: D, t1: D) => void'.
+!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: any, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
     testError((t1, t2: D, t3) => {})
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: D, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: D, t1: D) => void'.
+!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: any, t2: D, t3: any) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
     testError((t1, t2, t3: D) => {})
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: C, t2: C, t3: D) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: C, t1: C) => void'.
+!!! error TS2345: Argument of type '(t1: any, t2: any, t3: D) => void' is not assignable to parameter of type '(t: any, t1: any) => void'.
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6fa88a1e5595a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/contextualTypingOfTooShortOverloads.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// small repro from #11875
+var use: Overload;
+use((req, res) => {});
+
+interface Overload {
+    (handler1: (req1: string) => void): void;
+    (handler2: (req2: number, res2: number) => void): void;
+}
+// larger repro from #11875
+let app: MyApp;
+app.use((err: any, req, res, next) => { return; });
+
+
+interface MyApp {
+    use: IRouterHandler<this> & IRouterMatcher<this>;
+}
+
+interface IRouterHandler<T> {
+    (...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+    (...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+}
+
+interface IRouterMatcher<T> {
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandler[]): T;
+    (path: PathParams, ...handlers: RequestHandlerParams[]): T;
+}
+
+type PathParams = string | RegExp | (string | RegExp)[];
+type RequestHandlerParams = RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler | (RequestHandler | ErrorRequestHandler)[];
+
+interface RequestHandler {
+    (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+}
+
+interface ErrorRequestHandler {
+    (err: any, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): any;
+}
+
+interface Request {
+    method: string;
+}
+
+interface Response {
+    statusCode: number;
+}
+
+interface NextFunction {
+    (err?: any): void;
+}