[Clang] Add captures to the instantiation scope for noexcept specifiers (#97166)

The noexcept specifiers of dependent lambdas would be transformed and
rebuilt, where the map of instantiation should also contain captured
variables in case they are used from the noexcept specifier.

I also uncovered another assertion failure while at it. However, I
decided to leave it as-is because 1) that doesn't appear to be the case
in the release version and 2) fixing that might lead to ABI breakage.
Anyhow, the case has been added to the test comment.

Fixes #95735

Author: zyn0217

clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

@@ -973,6 +973,8 @@ Bug Fixes to C++ Support
   of the address of operator. (#GH97483).
 - Fixed an assertion failure about a constant expression which is a known integer but is not
   evaluated to an integer. (#GH96670).
+- Fixed a bug where references to lambda capture inside a ``noexcept`` specifier were not correctly
+  instantiated. (#GH95735).
 
 Bug Fixes to AST Handling
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

clang/lib/Sema/SemaTemplateInstantiateDecl.cpp

@@ -4704,6 +4704,12 @@ void Sema::InstantiateExceptionSpec(SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation,
     return;
   }
 
+  // The noexcept specification could reference any lambda captures. Ensure
+  // those are added to the LocalInstantiationScope.
+  LambdaScopeForCallOperatorInstantiationRAII PushLambdaCaptures(
+      *this, Decl, TemplateArgs, Scope,
+      /*ShouldAddDeclsFromParentScope=*/false);
+
   SubstExceptionSpec(Decl, Template->getType()->castAs<FunctionProtoType>(),
                      TemplateArgs);
 }

clang/test/SemaTemplate/generic-lambda.cpp

@@ -60,3 +60,26 @@ template<class T1> C1<X<X<T1>>> auto t3() {
 template C1<X<X<int>>> auto t3<int>();
 static_assert(is_same<decltype(t3<int>()), X<X<X<int>>>>);
 #endif
+
+namespace GH95735 {
+
+int g(int fn) {
+  return [f = fn](auto tpl) noexcept(noexcept(f)) { return f; }(0);
+}
+
+int foo(auto... fn) {
+  // FIXME: This one hits the assertion "if the exception specification is dependent,
+  // then the noexcept expression should be value-dependent" in the constructor of
+  // FunctionProtoType.
+  // One possible solution is to update Sema::canThrow() to consider expressions
+  // (e.g. DeclRefExpr/FunctionParmPackExpr) involving unexpanded parameters as Dependent.
+  // This would effectively add an extra value-dependent flag to the noexcept expression.
+  // However, I'm afraid that would also cause ABI breakage.
+  // [...f = fn](auto tpl) noexcept(noexcept(f)) { return 0; }(0);
+  [...f = fn](auto tpl) noexcept(noexcept(g(fn...))) { return 0; }(0);
+  return [...f = fn](auto tpl) noexcept(noexcept(g(f...))) { return 0; }(0);
+}
+
+int v = foo(42);
+
+} // namespace GH95735