[flang][runtime] Add ACCESS library procedure (#88517)

Re-land #88395

Two build-bots were broken by the old version:
 - https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/285/builds/245
 - https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/21/builds/96988

The problem in both cases was that the compiler did not support
`std::filesystem` (which I use in the unit test).

I have removed the dependency upon std::filesystem because there isn't
an easy way to add the right linker options so that this is supported
correctly in all build environments [1]

[1] https://gitlab.kitware.com/cmake/cmake/-/issues/17834

---

This is a GNU extension:
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gfortran/ACCESS.html

Used in SALMON:
https://salmon-tddft.jp/download.html

Unfortunately the intrinsic takes a file path to operate on so there
isn't an easy way to make the test robust. The unit test expects to be
able to create, set read write and execute permissions, and delete files
called
std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / <test_name>.<pid>

The test will fail if a file already exists with that name.

I have not implemented the intrinsic on Windows because this is wrapping
a POSIX system call and Windows doesn't support all of the permission
bits tested by the intrinsic. I don't have a Windows machine easily
available to check if Gfortran implements this intrinsic on Windows.

Author: tblah

flang/docs/Intrinsics.md

@@ -657,6 +657,14 @@ CALL CO_REDUCE
 CALL CO_SUM
 ```
 
+### Inquiry Functions
+ACCESS (GNU extension) is not supported on Windows. Otherwise:
+```
+CHARACTER(LEN=*) :: path = 'path/to/file'
+IF (ACCESS(path, 'rwx')) &
+  ...
+```
+
 ## Non-standard intrinsics
 ### PGI
 ```

flang/include/flang/Runtime/extensions.h

@@ -44,5 +44,12 @@ std::int64_t RTNAME(Signal)(std::int64_t number, void (*handler)(int));
 // GNU extension subroutine SLEEP(SECONDS)
 void RTNAME(Sleep)(std::int64_t seconds);
 
+// GNU extension function ACCESS(NAME, MODE)
+// TODO: not supported on Windows
+#ifndef _WIN32
+std::int64_t FORTRAN_PROCEDURE_NAME(access)(const char *name,
+    std::int64_t nameLength, const char *mode, std::int64_t modeLength);
+#endif
+
 } // extern "C"
 #endif // FORTRAN_RUNTIME_EXTENSIONS_H_

flang/runtime/extensions.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "flang/Runtime/entry-names.h"
 #include "flang/Runtime/io-api.h"
 #include <chrono>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <ctime>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <thread>
@@ -138,5 +139,77 @@ void RTNAME(Sleep)(std::int64_t seconds) {
   std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(seconds));
 }
 
+// TODO: not supported on Windows
+#ifndef _WIN32
+std::int64_t FORTRAN_PROCEDURE_NAME(access)(const char *name,
+    std::int64_t nameLength, const char *mode, std::int64_t modeLength) {
+  std::int64_t ret{-1};
+  if (nameLength <= 0 || modeLength <= 0 || !name || !mode) {
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // ensure name is null terminated
+  char *newName{nullptr};
+  if (name[nameLength - 1] != '\0') {
+    newName = static_cast<char *>(std::malloc(nameLength + 1));
+    std::memcpy(newName, name, nameLength);
+    newName[nameLength] = '\0';
+    name = newName;
+  }
+
+  // calculate mode
+  bool read{false};
+  bool write{false};
+  bool execute{false};
+  bool exists{false};
+  int imode{0};
+
+  for (std::int64_t i = 0; i < modeLength; ++i) {
+    switch (mode[i]) {
+    case 'r':
+      read = true;
+      break;
+    case 'w':
+      write = true;
+      break;
+    case 'x':
+      execute = true;
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      exists = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      // invalid mode
+      goto cleanup;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!read && !write && !execute && !exists) {
+    // invalid mode
+    goto cleanup;
+  }
+
+  if (!read && !write && !execute) {
+    imode = F_OK;
+  } else {
+    if (read) {
+      imode |= R_OK;
+    }
+    if (write) {
+      imode |= W_OK;
+    }
+    if (execute) {
+      imode |= X_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  ret = access(name, imode);
+
+cleanup:
+  if (newName) {
+    free(newName);
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
 } // namespace Fortran::runtime
 } // extern "C"