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source/rst/scalar_dynam.rst

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In this lecture we give a quick introduction to discrete time dynamics in one
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dimension.
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This means that the state of the system is described by a single variable.
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In one-dimensional models, the state of the system is described by a single variable.
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Although most interesting dynamic models need two or more state variables, the
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one dimensional setting is a good place to learn the foundations and build
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Although most interesting dynamic models have two or more state variables, the
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one-dimensional setting is a good place to learn the foundations of dynamics and build
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intuition.
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Let's start with some standard imports:
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* time homogeneity means that :math:`g` is the same at each time :math:`t`
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* first order means dependence on only one lag (:math:`x_{t+1} = g(x_t,
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x_{t-1})$` is a second order difference equation and so on).
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* first order means dependence on only one lag (i.e., earlier states such as :math:`x_{t-1}` do not enter into :eq:`sdsod`).
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If :math:`x_0 \in S` is given, then :eq:`sdsod` recursively defines a sequence
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given by
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If :math:`x_0 \in S` is given, then :eq:`sdsod` recursively defines the sequence
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.. math::
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:label: sdstraj
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This sequence is called the **trajectory** of :math:`x_0` under :math:`g`.
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If we set :math:`g^n := n` compositions of :math:`g` with itself, then we can
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write the trajectory more simply as :math:`x_t = g^t(x_0)` for :math:`t \geq 0`.
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If we define :math:`g^n` to be :math:`n` compositions of :math:`g` with itself, then we can write the trajectory more simply as :math:`x_t = g^t(x_0)` for :math:`t \geq 0`.
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Example: A Linear Model
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-----------------------
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One easy to work with example is the **linear difference equation**
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One simple example is the **linear difference equation**
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.. math::
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x_{t+1} = a x_t + b, \qquad S = \mathbb R

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